tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-49947306400529287212024-03-13T14:45:13.637+05:30Past Forwardhistory, heritage and hypothesesAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.comBlogger40125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-56497949393380058862014-04-20T02:34:00.000+05:302014-04-20T02:34:25.495+05:30Where is Kalinga?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(148, 138, 84); text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Where
is Kalinga?</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(148, 138, 84); text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Traditionally,
if you take the reference of rivers, Kalinga country was defined as the coastal
strip between Mahanadi and Gautami (Main distributory of Gadavari) with its
capital on the banks of R. Nagavali. Therefore, the coastal districts between
Puri and Rajahmundry may be called Kalinga. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The
region was divided into three distinct regions – North, Middle and South. There
was a reference to the adjoining forested region – Kalinga-aratta, which may
comprise the Eastern Ghats between Sabhalpur and Bhadrachalam. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">All
the ancient capitals of Kalinga are in the Middle Kalinga. The temple of
Mukhalingam near Srikakulam in Andhra Pradesh is probably a corruption of
Madhya-Kalingam. The other cities Kalinga Nagaram, Dantapuri are present day
Kalingapatnam and Palloor. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">R.
Narmada and the Vindhya Range had been the traditional boundary between North
and South. This is true of the western half of the peninsula. The highway
called Dakshinapatha (Southern Path) took off from the confluence of R. Yamuna
and Ganges, passed Ujjain in Malwa and ended at the R. Narmada. The mouth of
Narmada had been the gateway to the Arabian Sea. Beyond R. Narmada was an
amorphous Dark Continent, variously called Dandakaranya, Andhrapatha etc. etc. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">But
in the eastern half of the peninsula, the coastal strip alternates between
broad river valleys and impassable thickly forested hills. The knowledge of the
region south of the Ganges Delta was little, with Tamralipti being the entry to
the Bay of Bengal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In
early Sanskrit literature, the knowledge of South India had been very sketchy.
By the time of Ramayana and the later parts of Mahabharat, we see a slight increase
in the awareness of South. Based on various references in the epic tradition we
may arrive at an overlapping map of the inhabited regions in South India. (See map)</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuOpCeMv-TkNAIRW4l6GOqhDZYdxwolJCkHaXqZsd-iAo2Bva2jeFhseGHmKKOQAHzi2WMEBI-5dvGcHce6NhjOCvMNVfOJfnsi4HL7GlLGjEKw2R2vkYDGQ6uBdFoD895FlTvvUnzvtzs/s1600/SOUTH+INDIA+MAHABHARAT.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuOpCeMv-TkNAIRW4l6GOqhDZYdxwolJCkHaXqZsd-iAo2Bva2jeFhseGHmKKOQAHzi2WMEBI-5dvGcHce6NhjOCvMNVfOJfnsi4HL7GlLGjEKw2R2vkYDGQ6uBdFoD895FlTvvUnzvtzs/s1600/SOUTH+INDIA+MAHABHARAT.jpg" height="400" width="338" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kharavela’s
(A Kalinga King of 2<sup>nd</sup> Century BCE) inscription mentions that the
Andhra country was to Kalinga’s west. The map is consistent with that fact. The
Satavahana kings between 2<sup>nd</sup> Cent BCE to 2<sup>nd</sup> Cent CE had
their capital at Paithan which falls on the same latitude as the capital of
Kalingas (Mukhalingam). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In
the ancient times we know of two campaigns of Magadhan kings into Kalinga
country. One was by Mahapadma Nanda as mentioned by Kharavela. It was said that
he had taken a Jaina relic from the Kalingas and the same was brought back by
Kharavela when he freed Kalinga. The other campaign was the famous Kalinga War
of Asoka. A single battle was fought on the right bank of R. Mahanadi, the
traditional northern frontier of Kalinga. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Again is consistent with the tradition.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">It
was only in the recent (Medieval) times, we see Cuttack becoming the capital. It was
built by the later Gangas and the Gajapatis made it their capital. They were
called Odhras. But their rule extended to the R. Krishna valley and beyond, and
naturally called themselves Kings of Kalinga. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Now,
is Odhra the same as Kalinga? </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">This
question was answered by a Chinese pilgrim in 7<sup>th</sup> Century. Yuan
Chwang travelled from Bengal to South India and returned to Gujarat and beyond.
If you go by his travelogue and the observations that occur in his book called Hsi-yu-chi,
we may chart his route. (See map) The unit of distance ‘Li’ may be
approximately converted as one fifth of a kilometer. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">There
are certain places referred by him that can be identified with reasonable
exactitude. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">They
are…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TAN-MO-LIH-TI
= TAMRALIPTI = TAMLUK </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TE-NA-KA-CHE-KA
= DHANYAKATAKA = DHARANIKOTA / AMARAVATI</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">KAN-CHIH-PU-LO
= KANCHIPURA = KANCHI</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PO-LU-KA-CHE-PO
= BHARUKACCHA = BHAROCH</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8dLOHD-xADDhYnHbK4F-Lm6RkVLfb7h-Qm4IUQ8yNuLEe_1WpzRk3-7wjQk-f3-m3mZPxQ1QGUkT0ZXvSG0AaiWVDQzw0MrQOMPFkSTfo_xF972MsMhTN_FsjqplszNX6dVK0mvG3WkVj/s1600/YUAN.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8dLOHD-xADDhYnHbK4F-Lm6RkVLfb7h-Qm4IUQ8yNuLEe_1WpzRk3-7wjQk-f3-m3mZPxQ1QGUkT0ZXvSG0AaiWVDQzw0MrQOMPFkSTfo_xF972MsMhTN_FsjqplszNX6dVK0mvG3WkVj/s1600/YUAN.jpg" height="370" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">There
was confusion created by lack of knowledge of Kanaganahalli, which was
excavated only in 1994, and both Rhys Davis and Watters thought KUNG-KA-NA-PU-LO
was Konkan instead of Kanaganapura. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PING-CHI-LO was thought to be Vengi. The
capital of Andhra country falls between Kosala and Dhanyakataka on a
North-South line. There are two contenders for this in 7<sup>th</sup> Century.
One is Vemulavada and the other Kolanupaka (Kulpak). Vengi is too far to the
east to be a candidate, and it was part of the Eastern Chalukya’s Kalinga
kingdom. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Let
us trace the route. From Tamluk the pilgrim travelled 700 li (140 km) SW to
U-TU (Odhra) country. From there 1200 li (240 km) SW to KUNG-YU-T’O, and this
may be Cuttack or some other site in Mahanadi delta. Cunningham says it is near
Chilka Lake. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">From
here he travelled another 1400 li (280 km) SW to reach KA-LENG-KA. Therefore Kalinga
of the pilgrim started somewhere SW of Visakhapatnam. From here he had to make
detour. He could not go to Kalinga capital as there was some political unrest.
The political turmoil probably was due to the new regime of Eastern Chalukyas.
Their traditional capitals are Vengi and Pishtapuram (Pithapuram near
Kakinada). This makes the Eastern Chalukyas lords of Kalinga country. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">From
near Visakhapatnam he took a NW route to South Kosala (1800 li = 360 km). The
route he took was across Eastern Ghats and thick forest lands. He probably had
reached Chattisgarh. From there a short distance west to a hill monastery called
PO-LO-MO-LO-KI-LI and was connected with Nagarjuna. There were some
speculations identifying it as Nagarjunikonda and even Ajanta Caves. But from
the distances mentioned by the pilgrim the place could be east of modern Nagpur
still within Kosala country. And from Kosala he travels south 900 li (180 km)
to AN-TO-LO (Andhra). Even epic traditional tells us that the country south of
Vidarbha is Andhra. Pilgrim’s Andhra was not a large country, it was only 3000
li in circuit, about half the size of Odhra (7000 li) or Kalenga (5000 li).
From Andhra he travelled 1000 li (200 km) S to TE-NA-KA-CHE-KA (Amaravati). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">From
Dhanyakataka he travelled 200 km SW to CHU-LI-YA ( Choliya – Telugu Cola
capital Chippili in Cudappah District of AP) and from there 300 km onward to
Kanchi. We are not sure from the records if he had really travelled to Kerala
and Ceylon, but that doesn’t concern us. On his return he travelled north from
Dravida Country to Maharashtra via Kanaganahalli and from Maharashtra westwards
to Bharoch. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CONCLUSION</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The
record of the pilgrim and the geo-political references in Epic and Kharavela traditions
place Kalinga country in North Coastal AP and included areas south of Chilka
Lake in Ganjam District at times. Therefore the language of Kalingas was Telugu
and the name Telugu itself may be a derivation of phrases Ten-kalingam (South
Kalinga) or Tri-kalingam (Three Kalingas). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">GOOGLY</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ironically,
the original Andhra was never a part of the currently residual Andhra Pradesh,
but the newly formed state Telangana. The residual Andhra Pradesh was anything
but Andhra, it was a combination of two distinct political entities – Kalinga (North
Coastal AP between Krishna and Ganjam) and Renadu (the Telugu Chola heartland
consisting of most of Rayalasima, and South Coastal AP). After Telugu Chodas
moved south, the region south of R. Krishna became Pallava Nadu (Palanadu/Thondainadu).
It was the Kakatiyas who had united all these regions with their capital at Warangal
(Andhranagari) in Andhra heartland presently called Telangana, giving the
entire region the name Andhra. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">So…
what’s the big deal? If Orissa has appropriated the name Kalinga, let it be. But
it’s good to raise these issues at times just to trigger a little interest in
history that’s dear. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-66342303639981931252013-11-28T04:17:00.000+05:302014-10-25T16:38:21.079+05:30Aa Roju - Short Story<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">ఆ రోజు</span></u></b><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">పాతికేళ్ళ క్రిందట</span></u></b><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, <span lang="TE">నవంబర్ నెలలో ఒకరోజు</span></span></u></b><b><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">ఆఫీసర్స్ క్లబ్లో రెండు సెట్లు టెన్నీస్ ఆడినా ఏమాత్రమూ
అలసట అనిపించలేదు</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. <span lang="TE">ఆకాశం మబ్బులు కమ్మి ఉంది</span>.
<span lang="TE">ఉదయం ఎనిమిది గంటలైనా ఇంకా ఎండ ఛాయలేదు</span>. <span lang="TE">చల్లనిగాలి</span>.
<span lang="TE">ఆహ్లాదకరమైన వాతావరణం</span>. <span lang="TE">ఎప్పుడూ ఇలాగే ఉంటే ఎంత
బాగుంటుందో అనుకుంటూ</span>, <span lang="TE">కాలుమీద కాలు మడుచుకుని క్లబ్బాయ్
వెంకటేశ్వర్లు ఇచ్చిన కాఫీ కప్పు ఒకచేత్తో అందుకున్నాడు డేవిడ్రాజు</span>. <span lang="TE">టీపాయ్ మీదున్న గోల్డ్ఫ్లేక్ ప్యాకెట్టూ</span>, <span lang="TE">అగ్గిపెట్టే
అందుకుని </span>"<span lang="TE">ఏం సార్</span>, <span lang="TE">ఇంకో ఆట
ఆడదామా</span>?" <span lang="TE">అంటూ సిగరెట్ వెలిగించి ఆకాశం వంక చూస్తూ
గుప్పుగుప్పుమని పొగ వదలసాగాడు</span>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">పట్ణాయక్ కుర్రాడు</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. <span lang="TE">జన్మస్థలం ఒరిస్సాలోని బరంపురం. ఐఏఎస్ శిక్షణ పూర్తయి ఆ సంవత్సరమే
అసిస్టెంట్ కలెక్టర్గా గుంటూరు వచ్చాడు</span>. <span lang="TE">అదే మొదటి
పోస్టింగ్</span>. <span lang="TE">టెన్నీస్ రాకెట్ని</span></span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> కవర్లోకి తోస్తూ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">మీకేం సార్</span>, <span lang="TE">కాలేజీకి
సెలవు </span>... <span lang="TE">ఒకవేళ ఉన్నా అడిగేవాళ్ళు లేరు</span>. <span lang="TE">పేరుకి<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>మేము అయ్యేయెస్సే కానీ
ఎవరు పిలిచినా </span>‘<span lang="TE">అయ్యా యెస్స్</span>’ <span lang="TE">అంటూ
పరిగెత్తాలి</span>. <span lang="TE">ప్రొద్దున్నే తొమ్మిదింటికి అత్యవసరంగా మీటింగ్కి
పిలిచాడు</span>, <span lang="TE">మా బాస్ </span>... <span lang="TE">ఏమి
ముంచుకొచ్చిందో</span>?" <span lang="TE">అని జవాబిచ్చాడు</span>, <span lang="TE">పట్ణాయక్</span>. <span lang="TE">అతడన్న మాట ఆ రాత్రికే నిజమౌతుందని
అప్పుడు ఎరగడు</span>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">ఏమిటో అంత ఎమర్జెన్సీ</span>?"</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">ఏమీలేదండీ</span>, <span lang="TE">ఈ
నవంబర్లో కాస్త ముసురుపడితే చాలు</span>, <span lang="TE">కలెక్టరాఫీస్లో ఉరుములూ
మెరుపులూ</span>. <span lang="TE">ప్రపంచం అంతమైపోతుందేమో అన్నట్లు</span>, <span lang="TE">హడావుడి</span>. <span lang="TE">అంతా ఆ దివిసీమ తుఫాను ఎఫెక్ట్</span>. <span lang="TE">దానికి తోడు ప్రతి అరగంటకీ వాయుగుండం గురించి హెచ్చరికలు</span>. <span lang="TE">ఉత్త సింగినాదం </span>... <span lang="TE">జీలకర్ర సామెతలాగా</span>."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">అలా అంటే ఎలా సార్</span>? <span lang="TE">మనం అప్రమత్తంగా ఉంటే అలానే అనుకుంటాం సరే</span>, <span lang="TE">కానీ
ప్రతిసారీ</span>, <span lang="TE">వానపడినప్పుడల్లా మేము పరుగులుపెట్టి</span>, <span lang="TE">లోతట్టు ప్రాంతాల జనాల్ని తరలించడం </span>... <span lang="TE">తరువాత ఆ
తుఫానేమో తుస్సుమని పోవడం</span>, <span lang="TE">ప్రజలు కూడా పట్టించుకోవడంలేదు</span>.
<span lang="TE">నాన్నా పులి అంటే నమ్మనుపో అంటున్నారు</span>, <span lang="TE">హుహ్</span>."
<span lang="TE">అని నిట్టూర్చాడు</span>, <span lang="TE">పట్ణాయక్</span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">అందుకని</span>, <span lang="TE">మరో
తుఫాను రావలనుకోవాలా</span>? <span lang="TE">భలేవారు సార్</span>! <span lang="TE">మీరన్నట్లు
ఈ తుఫాను తుస్సుమంటేనే మంచిది </span>... <span lang="TE">రేపుదయం ఆరుగంటలకి</span>,
<span lang="TE">యాజూజ్వల్ రెండు ఆటలు</span>, <span lang="TE">ఊ </span>... <span lang="TE">ఒకవేళ వానపడితే</span>, <span lang="TE">బ్యాడ్మింటన్</span>, <span lang="TE">ఏమంటారు</span>? <span lang="TE">అరే </span>... <span lang="TE">ఇవాళ వైజాగ్లో
రంజీట్రాఫీ మ్యాచ్ ఉంది</span>. <span lang="TE">ఆంధ్రా వర్సెస్ హైదరాబాద్</span>. <span lang="TE">ఈ మ్యాచిగనుక గెలిస్తే చాలాయేళ్ళ తరువాత మనవాళ్ళు సౌత్జోన్కి క్వాలిఫై
అవవచ్చు</span>. <span lang="TE">అదే వర్షంవచ్చి వాషవుట్ అయితే</span>, <span lang="TE">మనవాళ్ళ పని అంతే</span>. <span lang="TE">రేడియోలో కామెంటరీ మొదలవడానికి
ఇంకా గంటన్నర ఉంది</span>. <span lang="TE">కాసేపు ఇక్కడే రిలాక్స్ అయితే మన క్యాంటీన్
వాడు పెట్టే ఉప్మా తిని వెళ్ళొచ్చు</span>." <span lang="TE">అని పేము కుర్చీలో
జారగిలబడ్డాడు</span>, <span lang="TE">రాజు</span>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">సరే పదండి</span>. <span lang="TE">అదేదో
బ్రేక్</span><span lang="TE">ఫాస్ట్ కానిచ్చే వెళతాను</span>", <span lang="TE">అని మార్కర్ వంక తిరిగి</span>, "<span lang="TE">ఇస్మాయిల్ </span>...
<span lang="TE">క్లబ్హౌసులోకెళ్ళి వెంకటేశ్వర్లుకి టిఫిన్ రెడీ చెయ్యమని చెప్పు</span>",
<span lang="TE">అని బ్యాగులోని టర్కీటవలుతో ముఖంపైన లేని చెమటని తుడుచుకోవడంలో
నిమగ్నుడైయ్యాడు</span>, <span lang="TE">పట్ణాయక్</span>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">థాంక్స్ ఫర్ ద కంపనీ </span>... <span lang="TE">అటు కాలేజీకి సెలవు</span>, <span lang="TE">ఇటు మా చిన్నోడు ఊళ్ళో లేడు</span>,
<span lang="TE">అస్సలు టైమ్ గడవడం లేదు</span>", <span lang="TE">అని
నిట్టూరుస్తూ</span>, <span lang="TE">మరో సిగరెట్టు వెలిగించాడు</span>, <span lang="TE">రాజు</span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">అదేం సార్</span>, <span lang="TE">సెలవులకి
మీరూ కూడా </span>...?" <span lang="TE">అనాలోచితంగా వేసిన ప్రశ్నకి రాజు
ముఖంలో మారిన రంగులని గుర్తించి అంతలోనే ఆపేసాడు</span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">హెహె </span>... " <span lang="TE">అని
కాసేపట్లో తేరుకుని</span>, "<span lang="TE">అక్కడికి వెళితే ఈ టెన్నీసూ</span>,
<span lang="TE">మీవంటి వారి సాహచర్యం దొరకదు కదా</span>", <span lang="TE">అని
దాటవేస్తూ</span>, "<span lang="TE">పదండి టిఫిన్ చేద్దాం</span>, <span lang="TE">అయినా ఇంకెంతకాలం</span>. <span lang="TE">ఇవాళ్టితో సరి</span>. <span lang="TE">మద్యాహ్నం క్రిష్ణా ఎక్స్ప్రెస్కి వచ్చేస్తుంది</span>", <span lang="TE">అని క్లబ్ లోనికి దారితీసాడు</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">---</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">ఇవాళ స్పెషల్</span>, <span lang="TE">ఎమ్మెల్యే
పెసరట్టు సార్</span>", <span lang="TE">అని రెండు ప్లేట్లలో వేడి వేడిగా నేతి
వాసనతో ఘుమఘుమలాడే ఉప్మా</span>-<span lang="TE">పెసరట్లు వాళ్ళ ముందు పెట్టాడు</span>,
<span lang="TE">వెంకటేశ్వర్లు</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">ఏమిట్రా ఇవాళ విశేషం</span>?" <span lang="TE">అడిగాడు రాజు</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">ఏమీలేదు సార్</span>. <span lang="TE">ఇవాళ
మాలతీ మేడం తిరిగి వస్తున్నారు కదా </span>... <span lang="TE">ఇక మిమ్మల్ని
క్యాంటిన్లో చూసేదే కష్టం</span>", <span lang="TE">అంటూ నవ్వాడు</span>, <span lang="TE">వెంకటేశ్వర్లు</span>. <span lang="TE">డేవిడ్రాజు అంటే క్లబ్బులో అందరికీ
హీరో వర్షిప్</span>. <span lang="TE">అతడు అన్ని ఆటలలో మేటి</span>. <span lang="TE">టెన్నీస్</span>,
<span lang="TE">షటిల్ బ్యాడ్మింటన్లలోనే కాదు</span>, <span lang="TE">కాంట్రాక్ట్ బ్రిడ్జిలోనూ
స్టేట్ ఛాంపియన్</span>. <span lang="TE">ఏ ఆటలోనైనా సరే</span>, <span lang="TE">గుంటూరులో
అతనిని కొట్టేవాళ్ళు లేరు</span>. <span lang="TE">మేనిఛాయ నలుపైనా</span>, <span lang="TE">ఆరడుగుల ఆజానుబాహువుడూ</span>, <span lang="TE">స్ఫురద్రూపి</span>. </span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">పట్ణాయక్ తలెత్తి చూసాడు</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. <span lang="TE">ముఖంలో అతడు అంతకుముందు వేసిన ప్రశ్న ప్రస్ఫుటంగా కనిపించింది</span>. <span lang="TE">గమనించిన రాజు ఒక నిశ్చయానికి వస్తూ తలాడించాడు</span>. "<span lang="TE">ఇందాక </span>... <span lang="TE">నేను సెలవులకి మా ఆవిడతో ఊరికి ఎందుకు
వెళ్ళలేదూ అనికదా మీరడిగారు</span>? <span lang="TE">చెబుతా వినండి</span>..." <span lang="TE">అని మొదలెట్టాడు</span>, <span lang="TE">రాజు</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">---</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">నేను మాలతిని మొదటిసారి పదేళ్ళ క్రితం
కలిసాను</span>. <span lang="TE">జాతీయ క్రీడలకి తనూ బెంగుళూర్ వచ్చింది</span>. <span lang="TE">స్టేట్ టెన్నీస్ జట్టులో తను కూడా ఉంది</span>. <span lang="TE">తరువాత నేను
గాంధీ మెడికల్ కాలేజీలో పీ</span>.<span lang="TE">జీ</span>. <span lang="TE">చేసేటప్పుడు
మా పరిచయం గట్టిపడింది</span>. <span lang="TE">మాలతి కూడా అదే కాలేజీలో మెడిసిన్
చదువుతూ ఉండింది</span>, <span lang="TE">థర్డియర్</span>. <span lang="TE">ఇద్దరికీ
క్రీడలంటే అభిమానం</span>. <span lang="TE">తనతో టెన్నీస్ ప్రాక్టీస్ చేసేందుకు నేను
తప్ప వేరే లేరు</span>. <span lang="TE">అప్పటికే తను ఇండియా నంబర్ త్రీ</span>."</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">సో</span>... <span lang="TE">ఆవిధంగా
టెన్నీస్కోర్ట్లో రోమాన్స్</span>? <span lang="TE">బాగుందండీ</span>", <span lang="TE">అంటూ నవ్వాడు పట్ణాయక్</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">నో నో </span>... <span lang="TE">అలాంటిదేమీ
లేదండీ</span>. <span lang="TE">వీ వర్ జస్ట్ ఫ్రెండ్స్</span>. <span lang="TE">ఇద్దరికీ
ఆట తప్ప వేరే ధ్యాస లేదు</span>. <span lang="TE">అయినా తనకీ నాకూ నక్కకీ
నాగలోకానికీ ఉన్నంత తేడా </span>... <span lang="TE">మీకు తెలుసు</span>, <span lang="TE">నేను ప్రభుత్వం ఖర్చుతో ఫ్రీ ఎడ్యుకేషన్ పుణ్యమా అని హాస్టళ్ళలో ఉంటూ
చదువు సాగించాను</span>. <span lang="TE">తనేమో దొరలబిడ్డ</span>, <span lang="TE">రాజకుమార్తెలా
పెరిగింది</span>."</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">ఓహ్</span>, <span lang="TE">అయామ్ సారీ</span>"</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">పరవాలేదు సార్</span>", <span lang="TE">అని పెదవి విరుస్తూ</span>, "<span lang="TE">మీలాగే చాలామంది మా మధ్య
ఏదో నడుస్తుందని అనుకునేవాళ్ళు</span>. <span lang="TE">మాలతి నాన్నగారిది
ఖమ్మంమెట్టు</span>. <span lang="TE">వాళ్ళనోటా వీళ్ళనోటా పడి మామీద పుట్టిన
పుకార్లు ఆ ఊరు చేరనే చేరాయి</span>. <span lang="TE">దమ్మిడీకి తూగని మాల కుర్రాడు
రాజావారి అమ్మాయికి వలపన్నడం కొంతమందికి మింగుడు పడలేదు</span>. <span lang="TE">ఒకరోజు
హాస్టల్ బయట వాళ్ళు కొట్టిన దెబ్బలకి </span>... <span lang="TE">ఆటలాడిన శరీరం
కాబట్టి తట్టుకుంది</span>. <span lang="TE">బ్రతికి బయటపడ్డాను కానీ </span>... <span lang="TE">ఆయేడు </span></span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">ఇండియాకి డేవిస్కప్ <span style="color: black;">ఆడతాననుకున్న నా కల కలగానే మిగిలిపోయింది</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">." </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">మరి మీ వివాహం</span>?"</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">హుమ్</span>...! <span lang="TE">అదే
చిత్రం</span>. <span lang="TE">అంతవరకూ నాపై ఎటువంటి ఉద్దేశ్యమూ లేని మాలతి</span>,
<span lang="TE">ఇంట్లోవాళ్ళతో గొడవపడింది</span>. <span lang="TE">పెళ్ళంటూ చేసుకుంటే
నన్నే చేసుకుంటానని పట్టుబట్టింది</span>. <span lang="TE">ఎంతమంది చెప్పినా ససేమిరా</span>.
<span lang="TE">నేను కూడా మొదట్లో నచ్చజెప్పబోయాను</span>. <span lang="TE">కానీ
కొన్నాళ్ళకి ఆమె మొండి పట్టులో నామీద ప్రేమ కనిపించింది</span>. <span lang="TE">అలా
మెత్తబడి ఇలా దొరికిపోయాను</span>, <span lang="TE">హ హహ్</span>", <span lang="TE">అన్నాడు రాజు</span>, <span lang="TE">లేని నవ్వు తెచ్చుకుంటూ</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">అంటే</span>... <span lang="TE">ఆఖరికి
వాళ్ళకి ఒప్పుకోక తప్పలేదన్నమాట</span>?"</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">ఒప్పుకోవడమా</span>? ... <span lang="TE">ఇంకా నయం</span>. <span lang="TE">ఐదేళ్ళు మాటలు లేవు</span>. <span lang="TE">అదిగాక లేనిపోని బెదిరింపులు</span>. <span lang="TE">నాకు ఈ మెడికల్ కాలేజ్లో
పోస్టింగూ</span>, <span lang="TE">తనకూ ఇక్కడే అమెరికన్ హాస్పిటల్లో రెసిడెంట్గా
ఉద్యోగం రావడం </span>... <span lang="TE">స్పోర్ట్స్ పుణ్యమా అని మీలాంటి
అధికారులతో సహవాసంవల్ల ఏ భయమూ లేకుండా నెట్టుకొచ్చాం</span>. <span lang="TE">చిన్నోడు
సిద్ధార్థ పుట్టేవరకూ</span>, <span lang="TE">నాకు మాలతీ</span>, <span lang="TE">తనకు
ఈ మాలవాడూ తప్ప వేరే లోకం లేదు</span>. <span lang="TE">అఫ్కోర్స్</span>, <span lang="TE">ఇప్పుడు మా ఇద్దరికీ సిద్ధార్థ</span>. <span lang="TE">వాడు పుట్టాకే మళ్ళీ
వాళ్ళతో ఏదో కాస్త పలకరింపులు</span>. <span lang="TE">ఎంతైనా ఒక్కగానొక్క కూతురిమీద
మమకారం</span>, <span lang="TE">మనవడిని చూడాలనే తాపత్రయం</span>. <span lang="TE">కానీ
ఈ మాలవాడిని మాత్రం అల్లుడిగా అంగీకరించలేరు</span>. <span lang="TE">మొదట్లో మాలతి
వెళ్ళనంది</span>, <span lang="TE">కానీ నేనే నచ్చచెప్పాను"</span>, <span lang="TE">అని తలెత్తి పట్ణాయక్ వంక</span>, <span lang="TE">ఇప్పుడు అర్థమయిందా
నేనెందుకు వెళ్ళలేదో అన్నట్లు చూసాడు</span>, <span lang="TE">రాజు</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">---</span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">పాత లాంబ్రెట్టా స్కూటరు</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, <span lang="TE">సైడ్కార్లో సామాను పెట్టి రైల్వేస్టేషన్ నుంచి ఇంటికి బయలుదేరింది ఆ
చిన్న ఫ్యామిలీ</span>. <span lang="TE">స్కూటర్ వెనుక కూర్చుంటూ</span>, <span lang="TE">జోరుగా వీస్తున్న ఈదురుగాలికి లేచిన దుమ్ము కళ్ళలో పడకుండా చీరెచెంగుతో
ముఖాన్ని కప్పుకుని</span>, "<span lang="TE">వాణ్ణిలా ఇవ్వండి</span>. <span lang="TE">కళ్ళలో ఏమైనా పడుతుంది</span>", <span lang="TE">అన్నది మాలతి</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">ఊహూ </span>... <span lang="TE">నేను
లాను</span>. <span lang="TE">డ్యాడీ వొ్ల్లోనే కూచుంటా</span>", <span lang="TE">అని మొండికేసాడు రెండేళ్ళ సిద్దూ</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">ఎంతో దూరం లేదులేవోయ్</span>, <span lang="TE">పద వర్షం పడేలోగా ఇంటికి పోదాం</span>", <span lang="TE">అన్నాడు రాజు</span>.
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">ఏదో పెద్ద వానే పడేట్లుంది</span>. <span lang="TE">పండగ వెళ్ళినా ఇంకా ముసురు వదలలేదు</span>. <span lang="TE">దారిలో శంకర్విలాస్
వైపు కాస్త పోనీయండి</span>. <span lang="TE">పిల్లోడికి పాలూ</span>, <span lang="TE">రాత్రి వంటకి సామాన్లూ తీసుకుందాం</span>"</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">ఆ మాత్రం నాకూ తెలుసులేవోయ్</span>. <span lang="TE">అన్నీ ప్రొద్దున్నే తెచ్చి ఇంట్లో పెట్టాను</span>. <span lang="TE">రాణీగారు
ఇంటికి వస్తే చాలు</span>, <span lang="TE">మనకి గడపదాటి బయటకెళ్ళే పనిలేదు</span>",
<span lang="TE">అని స్కూటర్ని నాజ్సెంటర్ వైపు తిప్పాడు</span>. <span lang="TE">గాలి
మరీ తీవ్రంగా ఉంది</span>. <span lang="TE">మద్యాహ్నం మూడు గంటలకే రోడ్డు
నిర్మానుష్యంగా ఉంది</span>. <span lang="TE">అటూ ఇటూ చెట్లు పూనకం వచ్చినట్లు
ఊగుతున్నాయి</span>. <span lang="TE">వానైతే ఇంకాలేదు</span>. <span lang="TE">జాగ్రత్తగా
ఇంటివైపు నడిపించాడు</span>.</span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">అమెరికన్ హాస్పిటల్లో డాక్టర్స్ క్వార్టర్స్</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. <span lang="TE">చుట్టూ పదడుగుల ఎత్తు కాంపౌండ్ వాల్</span>.
"<span lang="TE">తాతయ్య ఇంటికంటే మనిల్లే పెద్దది</span>, <span lang="TE">డ్యాడీ</span>",
<span lang="TE">గట్టిగా అరిచిచెప్పాడు</span>, <span lang="TE">సిద్దూ</span>. <span lang="TE">ఈదురుగాలి చేస్తున్న శబ్దానికి ఏదీ వినిపించడం లేదు</span>. <span lang="TE">ఇనుప రేకుతో కోటద్వారాన్ని తలపించే నిలువెత్తు గేటుపై దబదబా బాదాడు</span>,
<span lang="TE">రాజు</span>. <span lang="TE">పరుగెత్తుకొచ్చిన వాచ్మన్ గడ తీయగానే</span>,
<span lang="TE">గాలి విసురుకి గేటు రయ్యని తెరుచుకొని స్కూటర్ని తాకింది</span>. <span lang="TE">సైడ్కార్ ఉండడం మంచిదయింది</span>, <span lang="TE">లేకుంటే ఆ తాకిడికి
క్రిందపడి ఉండేది</span>. <span lang="TE">లోపలికి వెళ్ళాక మళ్ళీ అదే గేటు మూయడానికి
ఇద్దరు మనుషులు కలిసి లాగినా కష్టమయింది</span>. <span lang="TE">ఆఖరికి వాచ్మన్ని
బయటనుంచి తోయమని</span>, <span lang="TE">రాజు తన బలాన్నంతా ఉపయోగిండంతో ఎలాగోలా అది
మూసి గడియవేయడం సాధ్యమయింది</span>. <span lang="TE">వాచ్మన్ని ఇక ఇంటికి పొమ్మని
చెప్పి</span>, <span lang="TE">ఆకాశాన్నంటే చెట్ల మధ్య సన్నని రోడ్డులో విరిగి
క్రిందపడిన కొమ్మలను తప్పిస్తూ జాగ్రత్తగా స్కూటర్ నడిపించి</span>, <span lang="TE">బంగళాకి చేరిన వెంటనే వర్షం ఆరంభమయింది</span>. </span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">కరెంటు లేదు</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. <span lang="TE">కొవ్వత్తుల వెలుగులో వంట పూర్తిచేసి</span>, <span lang="TE">బయట చెట్లు
విరిగి పడుతున్న శబ్దానికి ఉలికిపడుతున్న సిద్ధార్థని నిద్రబుచ్చి పడక చేరారు</span>,
<span lang="TE">దంపతులిద్దరూ</span>. <span lang="TE">మూడు వారాల తరువాత భార్య సాంగత్యం</span>,
<span lang="TE">బయట ప్రకృతి చేస్తున్న విలయతాండవం కూడా అతడికి </span></span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">ఎటువంటి అంతరాయం కలిగించ<span style="color: black;">లేదు</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">సొలసిపోయి కలలోకి జారుకున్నాడు</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">... </span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">...... </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">సముద్రపు</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">హోరు</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">అలలు</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">ఉవ్వెత్తున</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">లేచి</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">పడుతున్నాయి</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">చెట్టపట్టాలు</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">వేసుకుని</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">తనూ</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">మాలతీ</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">తీరంవెంట</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">పరిగెడుతున్నారు</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">అది</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">వైజాగ్</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">రామక్రిష్ణా</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">బీచ్</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">అనుకుంటా</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">... </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">అంతలోనే</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">రూపు</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">మారిపోయింది</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">బీచ్</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">అంతా</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">నిర్మానుష్యం</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">దూరంగా</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">ఒంటరిగా</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">సిద్దూ</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">డ్యాడీ</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">... </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">అని</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">అరుస్తున్నాడు</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">అలల</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">పోటుకి</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">వాడి</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">అరుపులేమీ</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">వినబడటం</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">లేదు</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">అంతలో</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">ఒక</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">పెద్ద</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">అల</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">వాడి</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">వైపే</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">... </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">పరుగెడదామంటే</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">కాళ్ళు</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">ఇసుకలో</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">కూరుకుపోతున్నాయి</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">బోర్లా</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">పడిపోయాడు</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">సీసం</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">వేసినట్లు</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">కాళ్ళూ</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">చేతులూ</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">కదలడంలేదు</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">అంతలో</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">సముద్రపు</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">అల</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">... </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">ఒళ్ళంతా</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">తడిచిపోయింది</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">సిద్దూ</span></i><i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">....</span></i></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">ఒక్క ఉదుటున నిద్రలేచాడు</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, <span lang="TE">రాజు</span>.</span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">చెవులనిండా సముద్రపు హోరు</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, <span lang="TE">ఏమాత్రమూ తగ్గలేదు</span>. <span lang="TE">ప్రక్కన హాయిగా నిద్రిస్తున్న
మాలతి</span>. <span lang="TE">కిటికి అద్దంలోంచి ఏదో అసహజమైన ఎర్రని వెలుతురు</span>.
</span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">తడి</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">... <span lang="TE">పరుపెందుకు తడిచింది</span>?
<span lang="TE">సిద్దూ కోసం చేతులతోనే గాలించాడు </span>... <span lang="TE">లేడు</span>.
<span lang="TE">వాడి ఉయ్యాల </span></span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">తొట్టి</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">...? </span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">మంచంపైనుంఛి తటాలున లేచాడు</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. <span lang="TE">కాళ్ళు నేలకానలేదు</span>... <span lang="TE">నీళ్ళు</span>!</span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">మోకాళ్ళవరకూ నీళ్ళు</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, <span lang="TE">మంచం చుట్టూ</span>...</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">మాలూ</span>...." <span lang="TE">అని
కేకవేసి సిద్దూ పడుకున్న ఉయ్యాల </span></span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">తొట్టి<span style="color: black;">వైపు కదిలాడు</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. <span lang="TE">ఇల్లంతా మోకాలిలోతు నీళ్ళు</span>. <span lang="TE">నిద్రపోతున్న కొడుకుని
చేతులలోకి తీసుకుని భుజాన్న వేసుకున్నాడు</span>. <span lang="TE">హటాత్తుగా లేవడంతో
ఏమయిందో తోచక గుక్కపెట్టి ఏడవసాగాడు</span>, <span lang="TE">సిద్దూ</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">భర్త కేకకి ఉలిక్కిపడి లేచి చీకట్లో ఏమీ అర్థంకాక అయోమయంగా
కూర్చున్న మాలతికి </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">ఆగు</span>... <span lang="TE">నీళ్ళు</span>... <span lang="TE">కదలకు</span>, <span lang="TE">ఇల్లంతా
నీళ్ళు</span>" <span lang="TE">అన్న<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>రాజు అరుపులు మాత్రమే వినిపిస్తున్నాయి</span>. </span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">గుక్కపెట్టి ఏడుస్తున్న కొడుకుని ఆమె ఒళ్ళో పెట్టి</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, "<span lang="TE">వీణ్ణి సముదాయించు</span>. <span lang="TE">కదలకుండా ఇక్కడే కూర్చో</span>, <span lang="TE">నేనెళ్ళి చూస్తాను</span>",
<span lang="TE">అని కిటికీవైపు కదిలాడు</span>.</span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">మాలతికి పరిస్థితి మెల్లమెల్లగా అర్థం కాసాగింది</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. <span lang="TE">తల్లి వడి చేరగానే సిద్దూ కూడా కాస్త
స్థిమితపడ్డాడు</span>. "<span lang="TE">క్యాండిల్స్ బల్లమీద ఉన్నాయ్</span>"
<span lang="TE">అని చీకట్లోకే కేకేసింది</span>. </span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">కిటికీ దగ్గర బల్లమీద తడిమితే</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, <span lang="TE">కొవ్వత్తి దొరికింది</span>. <span lang="TE">అగ్గిపెట్టె మాత్రం తేమకి తడిచిపోయింది</span>. <span lang="TE">అలాగే
గోడవెంబడి తడుముకుంటూ</span>, <span lang="TE">కొక్కానికి వ్రేలాడుతున్న ప్యాంటు
పాకెట్లోంచి అగ్గిపెట్టె తీసి వెలిగించాడు</span>. </span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">కొవ్వత్తి వెలుగులో వాళ్ళున్న స్థితి కొంచెం కొంచెంగా
అవగతమవసాగింది</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. <span lang="TE">కిటికీ బయట చూస్తే దృశ్యమంతా
క్రొత్తగా ఉంది</span>. <span lang="TE">ఎప్పుడూ ఎదురుగా కనిపించే వేపచెట్టు
అదృశ్యమయింది</span>. <span lang="TE">ఆవరణ అంతా జలమయం</span>. <span lang="TE">ఎత్తైన
కాంపౌడ్ వాల్ కదా </span>... <span lang="TE">నీరు బయటకు వెళ్ళేందుకు తావులేదు</span>.
<span lang="TE">గేటు వేయకుండా ఉండాల్సింది </span>... <span lang="TE">తన ఇల్లు
సముద్రం మధ్యలో ఓడలాగ</span>... </span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">పడక పైకి నీళ్ళు రాసాగాయి</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. <span lang="TE">అంతలోనే నీటి మట్టం అరడుగు పెరిగింది</span>. <span lang="TE">తలుపు
సందులలోంచి నీళ్ళు తన్నుకుంటూ వస్తున్నాయి</span>. <span lang="TE">బయట నీటిమట్టం
ఇంట్లోకంటే ఒకడుగు పైకే ఉంది</span>. </span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">ఇంట్లోంచి బయటకెళ్ళడం అసాధ్యం</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. <span lang="TE">టెలిఫోన్ మధ్యాహ్నం నుంచే పనిచేయడంలేదు</span>.
<span lang="TE">హాస్పిటల్ బ్లాకు కనీసం రెండొందల మీటర్లు ఉంటుంది</span>. <span lang="TE">కాంపౌండ్ అంతా నీరు నిండిపోయింది</span>. </span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">నిమిషనిమిషానికీ నీళ్ళు లోనికి వచ్చేస్తున్నాయి</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. <span lang="TE">పిల్లాడిని ఎత్తుకుని</span>, <span lang="TE">బిక్కమొహంతో మంచంమీద నిలుచుని ఉండిపోయింది</span>, <span lang="TE">మాలతి</span>.
<span lang="TE">మంచమయితే పూర్తిగా మునిగిపోయింది</span>. <span lang="TE">ఎటు చూసినా
గజంలోతు నీళ్ళు</span>. </span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">ఏంచేయాలి</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">...?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">మెల్లిగా బల్లని మంచంవైపు లాగాడు</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. <span lang="TE">బలమంతా ఉపయోగించి దానిని ఎత్తి మంచంపైన
నిలబెట్టాడు</span>. <span lang="TE">భార్యని దానిమీద కూర్చోబెట్టి తరువాత ఏంచేయాలో
ఆలోచించసాగాడు</span>. </span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">భళ్ళుమని కిటికీ తలుపు పగిలిపోయింది</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. <span lang="TE">ఒక్కసారిగా నీటి మట్టం అతడి ఛాతీవరకూ
వచ్చేసింది</span>. <span lang="TE">కొవ్వొత్తి ఆరిపోయింది</span>. <span lang="TE">లాల్చీ
జేబులోని అగ్గిపెట్టె ఇక పనికిరాదు</span>. <span lang="TE">కాంపౌడులో పురుగూ పుట్రా
ఈ నీళ్ళతోపాటూ ఇంట్లోకి వస్తే </span>...? <span lang="TE">ఆ ఆలోచన అతని గుండె
ఝల్లుమనిపించింది</span>. </span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">మంచం పైన నిలుచున్నాడు</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. <span lang="TE">చెత్తా ఆకులూ</span>, <span lang="TE">ఇంట్లో సామాన్లూ నీళ్ళమీద తేలుతున్నాయి</span>.
</span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">అదృష్టమేమో </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">... <span lang="TE">వాటితోపాటూ తేలుతున్న చెక్క కుర్చీ</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">---</span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">ఒకచేత్తో ఏడ్చి ఏడ్చి సొమ్మసిల్లిన సిద్దూని భుజానికి
హత్తుకుని</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, <span lang="TE">రెండో చేత్తో వెంటిలేటర్
కమ్మీని ఒడిసి పట్టుకున్నాడు</span>. <span lang="TE">అతని మెడచుట్టూ చేతులు బిగించి
వ్రేలాడుతున్న మాలతి బరువు కూడా ఆ చేతిమీదే</span>. <span lang="TE">క్రింద పదడుగుల
లోతు నీళ్ళు</span>. </span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">అలా ఎంతసేపు ఉన్నాడో తెలియదు</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">చేయి మార్చేందుకు కూడా వీలులేదు</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. <span lang="TE">శరీరంలోని ప్రతి అణువులోని శక్తినీ తన
కుడిచేతిలో కేంద్రీకరించాడు</span>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">కాంపౌడ్ వాల్ ఎత్తు సుమారుగా పదడుగులు ఉండవచ్చు</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. <span lang="TE">దానికి మించి నీటిమట్టం పెరిగేందుకు
ఆస్కారం లేదు</span>. <span lang="TE">కానీ ఇలా ఎంతసేపు ఉండగలడు</span>? <span lang="TE">మాలతి చేతులలోనూ శక్తి సన్నగిల్లసాగింది</span>. <span lang="TE">ఒకసారి
పట్టు సడలితే </span>... <span lang="TE">తన మాలతి తనకిక దక్కదేమో</span>? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">ఆమెని పట్టుకోవాలంటే </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">... <span lang="TE">చేతిలో సిద్దూ </span>... <span lang="TE">కళ్ళలో నీళ్ళు ఉబికాయి</span>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">మాలతి కావాలంటే </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">... <span lang="TE">సిద్దూని వదులుకోవాలా</span>? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">తన మాలతి ఉంటే భవిష్యత్తులో మళ్ళీ పిల్లల్ని కనొచ్చు </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">... <span lang="TE">కానీ ఆమే కనుక లేకపోతే</span>...? <span lang="TE">అంటే</span>...</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">సిద్దూని </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">... <span lang="TE">తన
ప్రాణానికి ప్రాణాన్ని</span>... <span lang="TE">వాడి భవిష్యత్తు గురించి కన్న
కలలని </span>... <span lang="TE">వదులుకోవాల్సిందేనా</span>...? <span lang="TE">మాలతిని
దక్కించుకోవాలంటే వేరే గత్యంతరం లేదా</span>?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">ఆ ఆలోచన అతడిని అశనిపాతంలా తాకింది</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. <span lang="TE">గుండెను ఎవరో పిండినట్లు</span>... </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">ఓ జీసస్</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">... </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">గొంతు పెగలకపోయినా </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">... <span lang="TE">అది హృదయపు లోతులలోంచి పెల్లుబికిన ఆక్రందన</span>! </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">ఎక్కడో దూరంగా పెళపెళమనే శబ్దం</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. <span lang="TE">ఏదో భళ్ళున పగిలినట్లు </span>...</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">ఆనకట్టకి గండిపడినట్లు</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, <span lang="TE">కనులుమూసి తెరిచేంతలో నీటి మట్టం తగ్గిపోయింది</span>. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">---</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">ప్రస్తుతం</span></u></b><b><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">ఇండియా వర్సెస్ </span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">స్పెయిన్ </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">... </span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">డేవిస్కప్ వరల్డ్
గ్రూప్ <span style="color: black;">మ్యాచ్ టీవీలో వస్తుంది</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. <span lang="TE">డబుల్స్ మ్యాచ్</span>, <span lang="TE">మూడవ
సెట్</span>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">స్కోర్ </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">5 : 4, 40 : 15. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">సిద్ధార్థ్ రాజు సర్విస్</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">ఏస్</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">ఒక చిన్న భారతీయ దర్శకుల దళం కరతాళద్వనులు తప్ప స్టేడియం
అంతా ఒక్కసారిగా నిశ్శబ్దం ఆవరించింది</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"<span lang="TE">అది ఉక్కుతో చేసిన చేయి</span>. <span lang="TE">ఆ బలం అసామాన్యం</span>!" <span lang="TE">కామెంటేటర్<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>మాత్రం భారతీయుడే</span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">‘<span lang="TE">ఆరోజు</span>... <span lang="TE">ఆ క్షణంలో</span>...
<span lang="TE">కాంపౌండ్ వాల్ పడిపోకుంటే </span>...?’ <span lang="TE">అన్న ఆలోచన
తప్ప డేవిడ్రాజు మనసులో వేరే ఇంకేమీ లేదు</span>. <span lang="TE">దుఃఖం ఎగదన్నగా
భార్య వడిలో తలపెట్టి అలానే ఉండిపోయాడు</span>.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #8DB3E2; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">---</span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-33915802650649347022013-08-23T20:49:00.000+05:302013-08-23T21:49:56.670+05:30ANDHRA CHARTER<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Andhra
Charter</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sai Papineni</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Premise</span></u></b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">‘Telangana is inevitable’, they say.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The people of Andhra are being served one more
historical injustice.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sixty
years ago, when they fought for a separate Telugu State, they were deprived of
the capital, Madras, because it was considered a common asset of all South
Indians, in spite of a majority of Telugu speakers in that city. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
new state thus formed embraced its brethren, liberated from the clutches of
Nizam and adopted Hyderabad as its own. For 56 years it had never occurred to
its people that one day they would be deprived of it too. They had invested
their sweat and blood and developed Hyderabad into a land of milk and honey. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
an example, let me illustrate an industry that is familiar to all and what had
happened with it. Vijaya, Vauhini, Prasad, Bharani, Suresh aren’t just names.
They belonged to the Telugu people and they made Madras the largest producer of
celluloid art. It had taken 30 long years for the industry to move to
Hyderabad. The trauma of this exodus had come to pass. Now the Tollywood is
well settled in its new home thanks only to the extraordinary benefits and
concessions offered by successive governments. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Today,
Hyderabad is not only Tollywood, but a hub of a multitude of industries –
Pharma, Medical, IT, Infra, Education to name a few – creating lakhs of jobs
and livelihoods directly and through ancillary economy. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Who
are the investors? People of Andhra, trusting enough to think Hyderabad is
their own. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Today,
they are told that …</span></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Hyderabad doesn’t belong to them.</span></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Or</span></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">They don’t belong there.</span></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Immediate Challenges <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></u></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Employment Generation and Balanced Growth</span></u></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Due
to the legacy of an education system inherited from the Madras Presidency,
today, Andhra region produces one of the largest crops of human talent. The
industrial hub called Hyderabad provided them opportunity.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Now,
where will they go?</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">How
many generations must suffer before Andhra can provide careers and livelihoods?</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Having
millions of frustrated young people is a sure formula for disaster. How do we
thwart that? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">How
do we create a dynamic economy that can absorb this talent, now - not after ten
years, or in some distant future?</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Is
the so called “Lakhs of Crores Package” to build a capital that the politicians
are salivating on, the real solution?</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Are
we contemplating the same historic blunder of developing just one city
sacrificing balanced growth?</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Andhra
Charter – The Solution</span></u></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
may sound like the strangled cry of a wronged wife for alimony – after the divorce
is formalized – with the future of her children at stake. I hope the powers
that be have a heart to listen.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">These
are not demands, but the bare essentials to see that her children are fed.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Let
me enumerate them and also explain simply – without the burden of lies, damned
lies and statistics – why those are necessary.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">New
Industries:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ask any industrialist. The
land prices in Andhra are astronomically high making it unviable to start any
new industry. If the situation persists, there won’t be any start ups until the
economy collapses so completely. Then how does one attract new start ups to
Andhra? What are the best incentives that can be offered to compensate the high
start up cost? </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Central Tax Holiday</span></u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></span></span></b></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The fledgling state can
ill afford foregoing revenues. The burden of sin must be carried by the central
government. A 30 year central tax holiday on all industrial investments in
Andhra – Excise and Other Central Taxes – can quickly draw the capital to
Andhra.</span></span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2.
Infrastructure</span></u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></span></span></b></span><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">A minimum of 5
Special Economical Zones – 3 in Coastal Belt and 2 in the Interior – with
necessary infrastructure to be built under BOT. Land must be provided from
surplus government land identified and notified avoiding acquisition related
hurdles. </span></span></span></b></span></div>
</div>
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<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Railways:
Indian Railways had always been a major source of employment and enterprise. Various
regions of Andhra will be dependent on zones headquartered in Chennai, Hubli,
Bhubaneswar and now Secunderabad. Vijayawada had always been a major rail hub
and has all the land and infrastructure to be the zonal headquarters. </span></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"><u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3.
Separate Railway Zone at Vijayawada</span></u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span></b></span></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">With Guntakal, Waltair,
Renigunta and Gudur divisions included, this is not only viable but also ideal for
the growth of communications within the state. </span></span></b></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Opportunity
for higher education to make the youth of Andhra compete with the best in the
country and also to create a qualified pool of resource for the growth process
is needed. In spite of successive HRD ministers, Andhra is yet to receive an IIM
or IIT. Today a large number of students from Andhra are travelling outside the
state for premium education.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<br />
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">4.
IIT at Anantapur</span></u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span></span></b></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Will not only be a beacon of hope to the students
from the dry and backward regions of Rayalaseema, but its proximity to the
cities like Bangalore and Hyderabad will provide the necessary market for
talent.</span></span></span></b></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<br />
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">4.
IIM at Visakhapatnam</span></u></span></span></b></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Will provide not only the environment and industry
base for sustained managerial resource necessary for growth. </span></span></span></b></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Transport and Communication: Historically, the
interior parts of Andhra trailed far behind the coastal plains – this is not
only true of Rayalaseema region but the western taluks of the coastal districts
– due to non-availability of irrigation and communication systems that are a
legacy of the British Raj with only significant exception being the ayacut of Nagarjuna
Sagar and Nadikudi railway line. Nalamalai range of mountains stands as a wall
between the interior and the coast. A comprehensive plan needs to address this
issue.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">6. Parallel National Highway</span></u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span></span></b></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">B<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">etween
Nayudupet and Vijayawada linking Kalahasti, Venkatagiri, Badvel, Kanigiri,
Markapur, Vinukonda with a parallel bridge across Krishna near Sattenapalle / Amaravati
belt. The coastal highway between Ongole and Kattipudi to be developed as a
six-lane dual carriage way. </span></span></span></b></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">7. A Rail-Road Nalamala Corridor</span></u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span></span></b></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Between the capital region and Guntakal with a
dual carriageway and a double-line electrified railway is essential for
unifying the coastal and interior Andhra. All environmental clearances must precede
the separation process. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></b></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">8. Another Major Port</span></u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span></span></b></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">On
the longest coastline between Visakhapatnam and Chennai to cater the hinterland
is essential to sustain the envisaged growth in Andhra. The distance between
Visakhapatnam and Chennai is close to a thousand kilometers. Nowhere in the
Indian peninsula does one find such a long distance between two major ports. Currently
the minor ports of Kakinada and Krishnapatam are too close to the existing major
ports and a site near Nizampatnam is
ideal for a modern port with a container terminal. </span></span></span></b></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Finally, the capital: It is needless to say the
availability of surplus government land is going to be the singular criterion
for its selection. If it is the 16 km wide stretch of land between the railway
line and the beach near Ongole, let it be. Probably, it will be reasonably more
acceptable to Rayalaseema as it forms a part of the Greater Rayalaseema being
touted by some politicians. Due to its position hemmed in between the railway
line and the coast it has limitations, though not insurmountable. Unless a
comprehensive capital development plan with necessary provisions for multiple road
links across the railway line and a dependable water source, a capital there is
untenable. If one leaves it to the greedy politicians and their ad-hoc
administrators, disaster is imminent.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">9. A Capital Development Plan</span></u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span></span></b></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">With
necessary resources, outsourced to a qualified international consortium to design
and develop the administrative capital in a time-bound manner and provide surplus
space for long term growth. </span></span></span></b></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">10. The Fund</span></u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span></span></b></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Must
be adequate and must support the plan and the execution of which must be
transparent under a specific independent authority. The fund also must provide
for probable cost overruns due to inflation and the Chidambaram Effect on
Rupee. All expenditure and delays must be audited and available in public
domain. </span></span></span></b></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The harebrained decisions of the central powers
have given into the demands of lumpen elements driven by selfish politicians
for their short term ends and succeeded in polarizing the people.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">As there is little
hope that some statesmanship still prevails in convincing our Telangana
brethren in seeing the advantages of being united, this <span style="color: red;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TEN POINT CHARTER</b></span> may provide the road-map for future. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-38129955306938781612013-04-29T15:36:00.002+05:302013-04-29T15:36:57.372+05:30Rashtra Vibhajana<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 51, 204); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><u><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif";">వెనుకచూపు</span></u></span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FF33CC; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">హైదరాబాదులో ఒక వారం... ఎక్కడకి పోయినా
ఒకటే డిస్కషన్</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FF33CC; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">రాష్ట్రం విభజించాలని కొందరూ</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, <span lang="TE">వద్దని కొందరూ... పరస్పర విరుద్ధమైన వాదనలు. మనవాళ్ళు ఒకళ్ళ మాట
ఇంకొకళ్ళు ఎలాగూ వినరు. ఆర్గ్యుమెంట్లు తెమలవు. వినేవాళ్ళ తల బొప్పికట్టాల్సిందే! అందరూ
ముందు చూపుతో ఏవేవో రీజన్స్ ఇస్తున్నారు. నాకైతే మనవాళ్ళకి ఉన్నంత ముందుచూపు లేదు.
అందుకే వెనుకచూపుతో ఆలోచించాను... అప్పుడు నాకొక బ్రహ్మాండమైన ఆలోచన తట్టింది. అది
రాష్ట్రవిభజన వలన మన తెలుగువాళ్ళకి కలిగే ఒక ముఖ్యమైన లాభం.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FF33CC; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">అవి...</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FF33CC; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">ఇరవైయ్యో శతాబ్దం మొదటి రోజులు</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, <span lang="TE"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FF33CC; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">అవి రామస్వామి నాయకర్ ద్రవిడ వాదం ఊపందుకొంటున్న
రోజులు. ఢిల్లీలో కాంగ్రెస్ నాయకులకి సమైక్య భారతదేశం అనే కల నిజమౌతుందో లేదో అనే భయం.
ఒకవైపు మహమ్మద్ ఆలి జిన్నా దేశాన్ని మతప్రాతిపదికపై ముక్కలు చేసే ప్రయత్నంలో ఉన్నాడు.
ఇక్కడ మద్రాసులో ప్రత్యేక ద్రవిడ దేశం అనే నినాదాలు బయల్దేరాయి. దానికి తోడు కాంగ్రెస్
పార్టీని భాషాప్రాతిపదికపై నిర్మించాలని మహాత్ముని నిర్ణయం వాళ్ళకి తలపోటుగా పరిణమించింది.
ఐరోపాలోలాగా భాషని బట్టి దేశాలైతే</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, <span lang="TE">భారతదేశంలో
చిన్నచిన్న దేశాలు పుట్టగొడుగుల్లా ఉద్భవిస్తాయేమో అని నెహ్రూగారి భయం. అన్నిటికన్నా
ముఖ్యమైనది ప్రత్యేక ఆంధ్ర రాష్ట్రం ఉద్యమం. దక్షిణ భారతదేశంలో అత్యధికంగా మాట్లాడే
భాష తెలుగు. వాళ్ళందరూ కనుక ఏకమైతే ఇవాళ కాకపోయినా రేపైనా భారత ప్రభుత్వానికి తలనొప్పి
తప్పదు. </span></span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">అప్పటి మద్రాస్ నగరంలో 38% తెలుగు వాళ్ళైతే</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, <span lang="TE">తమిళులు 32% మాత్రమే. ఇక బెంగుళూరు</span>, <span lang="TE">కోలార్
జిల్లాలలో తెలుగువాళ్ళ సంఖ్య 54%</span>, <span lang="TE">కన్నడీగులు 22%. అప్పటి సేలం
జిల్లాలోని క్రిష్ణగిరి తాలూకాలో మెజారిటీ తెలుగు వాళ్ళే. కానీ అది రాజాజీగారి జన్మస్థలం</span>,
<span lang="TE">ఆయన నియోజకవర్గం. ఇక సీడెడ్ జిల్లాలలో బళ్ళారి పట్టణంతో సహా జిల్లాలోని
తూర్పు ప్రాంతం అంతా తెలుగువాళ్ళే. రాష్ట్ర విభజన కమిటీ కూడా దాన్ని ఆంద్ర రాష్ట్రంలో
కలపాలని నిర్ణయించింది</span>, <span lang="TE">కానీ లాభం లేకపోయింది. ఇక కోలార్ జిల్లాని
అంటే బెంగుళూర్ రూరల్ జిల్లాతో సహా ఆంధ్రలో కలపాల్సింది. కానీ ఆ పట్టణానికి మైసూర్
రాజ్యంతో ఉన్న సంబంధాల ద్రుష్ట్యా మైసూరులో కలిపారు. కోలారుని కనుక ఆంధ్రాలో కలిపితే
హోసూరు</span>, <span lang="TE">ధర్మపురి ప్రాంతాలని కూడా ఇవ్వాల్సివస్తుందని రాజాజీ
భయం. దానితో తెలుగు వాళ్ళ మెజారిటీ ఉన్నా కూడా మద్రాస్</span>, <span lang="TE">బెంగుళూర్
నగరాలు వేరే రాష్ట్రాల రాజధానులయ్యాయి. ఇక గంజాం జిల్లాలోని పర్లాకిమిడి</span>, <span lang="TE">బరంపురం తాలూకాలు సరే సరి</span>, <span lang="TE">ఇంతకు ముందే ఒరిస్సాలో కలిపారు.
పాపం వాళ్ళకి దక్షిణ ఒరిస్సాలో పెద్ద పట్టణం ఏదీ లేదట. అందుకని బరంపురాన్ని దానం చేసారు.
తరువాత హైదరాబాదు పోలీస్ యాక్షన్ వల్ల హైదరాబాదు రాజ్యంలో తెలుగు మాట్లాడే జిల్లాలని
ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్లో కలిపారు. కానీ ఇక్కడ కూడా రాయచూర్</span>, <span lang="TE">గుల్బర్గా
జిల్లాలలోని తెలుగు మెజారిటీ తాలూకాలు మైసూరుకీ</span>, <span lang="TE">సిరోంచా</span>,
<span lang="TE">చాందాలు మధ్యప్రదేశ్</span>, <span lang="TE">మహరాష్ట్రలకీ పోయాయి. ఈ విధంగా
భౌగోళికంగా తెలుగు రాష్ట్రాన్ని ఎంత చిన్నది చేయగలరో అంత చేసారు. </span></span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">కానీ మనవాళ్ళకి అదేమీ పట్టదు. ఉన్నదాన్ని
కూడా ఇంకా ముక్కలు చేద్దామని పట్టుబట్టి మన ప్రయత్నం మనం చేస్తూనే ఉందాం. </span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">చరిత్ర చూస్తే దేశాన్ని విడదీయటంలో</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, <span lang="TE">విడిపోవటంలో మనవాళ్ళు ట్రెన్డ్ సెట్టర్స్. మనం ఏంచేసినా కాస్తో
కూస్తో ఆలశ్యంగా దేశమంతా అదే ఫాలో అయింది. భాషాప్రయుక్త రాష్ట్రాలు ఒక ఉదాహరణ మాత్రమే.
తెలుగు మాట్లాడే ప్రదేశాన్ని ఏదో రెండుమూడు ముక్కలు కాకుండా సపోజ్ ఆరో</span>, <span lang="TE">ఏడో చేసామనుకోండి. రేపు అదే ఫార్ములా మిగతా రాష్ట్రాలు కూడా ఫాలో అయితే</span>,
<span lang="TE">పక్క రాష్ట్రాల్లోని తెలుగు మెజారిటీ ముక్కలు కూడితే</span>, <span lang="TE">తెలుగు మాట్లాడే రాష్ట్రాల సంఖ్య ఒక పదీ పన్నెండు అవ్వచ్చు. </span></span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">ఒక విధంగా అదే మంచిదేమో!</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-61628826307304837512013-02-11T02:50:00.000+05:302013-02-11T02:50:50.751+05:30Bapu Ramana la Bhagavatam (Telugu)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv2zQt1DWvO1wE6wVHCdoJ2y8zHs9tlf01GZAMmdWAif4VPet63jb0yuG8gWulBkmQQeSbzhMkwkUFY3HrkTceqAcEcMwCvR9fRnu1I_DTiKukMFpYLJrV8UYCgbI_5L8lsi5vJ4IGFdGn/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv2zQt1DWvO1wE6wVHCdoJ2y8zHs9tlf01GZAMmdWAif4VPet63jb0yuG8gWulBkmQQeSbzhMkwkUFY3HrkTceqAcEcMwCvR9fRnu1I_DTiKukMFpYLJrV8UYCgbI_5L8lsi5vJ4IGFdGn/s1600/images.jpg" height="299" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2004
సమ్మర్లో</span><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <span lang="TE">మార్కెట్ విజిట్</span>’<span lang="TE">కి హైదరాబాదు వెళ్ళాను. అక్కడ
హోటల్లో మిత్రుడు సుబ్బారావ్ గారు కలిసాడు. మాటల్లో అప్పట్లో ఈనాడు టీవీలో మొదలైన
భాగవతం గురించి ఏదో కాసేపు డిస్కషన్ జరిగింది. "బాగా చెప్పారు సార్</span>, <span lang="TE">వ్రాసిస్తే మా మాగజైన్లో వేస్తాం"</span>, <span lang="TE">అన్నాడాయన.</span> "తెలుగులో అక్షరం ముక్క రాసి
పాతికేళ్ళయింది సార్</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <span lang="TE">నావల్ల ఏమవుతుంది"</span>, <span lang="TE">అన్నానప్పుడు. కానీ</span>,
<span lang="TE">నాలుగు పెగ్గులు దిగాక ధైర్యం వచ్చింది. తాజ్ బంజారా స్టేషనరీ మీద
వ్రాయడం మొదలెట్టాను. తెల్లారి పోయింది. ప్రొద్దున్నే ఫోన్ చేసి ఆయనకి ఇచ్చేసాను.
రెండు విడతల్లో వాళ్ళ సినిమా పత్రిక </span>‘<span lang="TE">మెగా పోస్టర్</span>’<span lang="TE">లో ప్రచురించారు. చాలారోజుల తరువాత ఇల్లు మారుస్తుంటే ఆ కాపీలు కనిపించాయి.
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ఈటీవీలో భాగవతం మొదట్లో బాపుగారే డైరెక్ట్
చేసారు. కాని ఆ తరువాత అది చేతులు మారడంతో బ్రష్టు పట్టింది. ఇది వ్రాసినప్పటికి
మాత్రం టీవీ భాగవతం ఇంకా బాపూ రమణలదే. మళ్ళీ ఎక్కడో మాయమవకుండా అందుబాట్లో
ఉంటుందని బ్లాగ్ లో పెడుతున్నాను</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <span lang="TE">అదే అదనుగా మీతో కూడా పంచుకోవచ్చని కూడా.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">---</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">బాపూ రమణల </span></u></b><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘<span lang="TE">భాగవతం</span>’</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(మెగా పోస్టర్ పత్రిక జూన్
19</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">26 సంచికల నుండి) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘<span lang="TE">లలిత స్కంధము కృష్ణమూలము శుకాలాపాభిరామంబు మం</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">జులతా శోభితమున్ సువర్ణ సుమనస్సుజ్ఞేయమున్ సుందరో</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">జ్జ్వల వృత్తంబు మనోఫలంబు విమల వ్యాసాలవాలంబునై</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">వెలయున్ భాగవతాఖ్య కల్ప తరువుర్విన్ సద్విజ శ్రేయమై</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">’</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">భాగవతం</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ఈ వేదవ్యాసం గురించి వ్యాసం వ్రాయాలంటే
ప్రప్రథమంగా గుర్తుకు వచ్చేదీ పైపద్యం. కానీ ఈ పద్యం చెప్పినాయన</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <span lang="TE">తనదైన ఈ
భాగవతానికి ఆ వేదవ్యాసుని పురాణమే మూలమన్నాడు. అయితే</span>, <span lang="TE">కావచ్చు</span>,
<span lang="TE">నాకుమట్టుకూ</span>, <span lang="TE">ఆ వేదవ్యాసుడంటే కాళిదాసు
సినిమాలోని బొజ్జ బాపనయ్య లేదా మహాభారతంలో బెస్తపిల్లకి పుట్టిన నల్ల బాపనయ్య
మాత్రమే. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">తెలుగు భాగవతం</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">పద్దెనిమిది పురాణాలుంటే</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <span lang="TE">వాటికి లేని
ప్ర్రాముఖ్యత ఈ భాగవత పురాణానికి ఎందుకో</span>? <span lang="TE">ఇది గొప్ప
పురాణమవడంవల్లకాదు</span>, <span lang="TE">వ్యాసునిచే వ్రాయబడుటవల్లాకాదు</span>, <span lang="TE">మరి ఆ చిలుక ఋషి పలికినందువల్లా రాలేదు. మన తెలుగుదేశంలో త్రికవుల
భారతంకన్నా</span>, <span lang="TE">మనుచరిత్రాది ప్రబంధాలకన్నా ఎక్కువ ప్రాచుర్యం ఈ
భాగవతానికే. కానీ</span>, <span lang="TE">ఈ పాప్యులారిటీ భాగవతానికంతటికీ లేదు</span>,
<span lang="TE">దీనిలోని కొన్ని కథలకు మాత్రమే. రుక్మిణీ కళ్యాణమో</span>, <span lang="TE">గజేంద్ర మోక్షమో అవనివ్వండి. వామన</span>, <span lang="TE">ప్రహ్లాద
చరిత్రలు కానివ్వండి. ఈ కథలు ఇంత బాగా ప్రాచుర్యం పొందడానికి కారణం మూలంలోని
గొప్పతనం కన్నా</span>, <span lang="TE">ఆ కథలను తెలుగులో చెప్పిన పోతనగారి కవనా
వ్యవసాయముయొక్క సొగసుతనమనే చెప్పాలి. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">భక్తపోతన సినిమాలోలాగా ఆయన నాగలి పట్టాడో
లేదోకానీ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <span lang="TE">సంస్కృత మూలగ్రంథంలో బీజమాత్రంగా ఉన్న కథలను ఇంతింతైవటుడింతయై అన్నట్లుగా
పెంచి అపర సాహితీ కల్పతరువుగా మన తెలుగింట నిలబెట్టిన ఈ కల్పనా కర్షకుడు నిజంగా
రైతే. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">మధ్యయుగంలో భారతదేశం నలుమూలలా భక్తి ఉద్యమం ఒక
ఊపందుకుంటున్నప్పుడు</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <span lang="TE">మన తెలంగాణంలో భక్తిరస ప్రధానంగా</span>, <span lang="TE">పండిత పామరులను
సమానంగా అలరించగల సాహిత్యం కరువయ్యింది. అరవదేశంలాగా మనకి ఆళ్వారులూ నయనార్లూ
లేరు. కన్నడపు బసవన్నలూ లేరు. భక్తతుకారాంలు</span>, <span lang="TE">తులసి</span>, <span lang="TE">కబీరు</span>, <span lang="TE">సూర్ దాసులు లేరు. కానీ భక్తి పాకాన్ని ఊరూర</span>,
<span lang="TE">ఇంటింటా తిరిగి పంచిన వేయిన్నొక్క హరిదాసులకూ</span>, <span lang="TE">వీధి భాగవతులకూ కావలసినంత మూలద్రవ్యాన్ని ఫలసాయంగా ఇచ్చి సంస్కృతీ పరంపరను</span>,
<span lang="TE">పామరులు సైతం సులువుగా పలుకగల పద్యాల రూపంలో శతాబ్దాలపాటూ నిలిపిన
బమ్మెరపోతనకు మనమెల్లరం కృతజ్ఞులం.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">పౌరాణిక సినిమా - నాటకమూ</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDvj2chrP22eHKCBK5L8q3WlN_m-_P43qTi5SPrImC9z3c2Wg8jWGve0S5NR_x_I0JFYb2zeikuu29TAJMoBw0tFKgQRu9OJujMUtVf7_zDkPNmkl-JJysqVmyOcZwLx7BMUerEqsh9G9U/s1600/mayabazar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDvj2chrP22eHKCBK5L8q3WlN_m-_P43qTi5SPrImC9z3c2Wg8jWGve0S5NR_x_I0JFYb2zeikuu29TAJMoBw0tFKgQRu9OJujMUtVf7_zDkPNmkl-JJysqVmyOcZwLx7BMUerEqsh9G9U/s1600/mayabazar.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">తెలుగు చలన చిత్ర రంగంలో పౌరాణిక చిత్రాలు
మొదట్లో మన నాటకాల పధ్ధతిని అనుసరించి వచ్చాయి. ఈ నాటకాలకు వరవడి పాశ్చాత్య
నాటకాలనుండి వచ్చింది. అయినా శతాబ్దాలుగా వేళ్ళూనిన మన పద్య పరంపర తెలుగు నాటకంలో
ఎంతో ఉత్కృష్టస్థానం వహించి</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <span lang="TE">మన నాటక సంప్రదాయానికి ఒక తనదైన రూపం
ఇచ్చింది. తిరుపతి వేంకటకవుల పద్యాలు ఎంత పాప్యులరయ్యాయంటె</span>, <span lang="TE">అవి
లేకుండా భారతపు కథలను సినిమాగా తీస్తే</span>, <span lang="TE">ఎంత పెద్ద
బడ్జెట్టయినా బాక్సాఫీస్ లో ఎదురు దెబ్బలు తినాల్సిందే</span>, <span lang="TE">కురుక్షేత్రం</span>,
<span lang="TE">సినిమా దీనికి ఒక మంచి ఉదాహరణ. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDvj2chrP22eHKCBK5L8q3WlN_m-_P43qTi5SPrImC9z3c2Wg8jWGve0S5NR_x_I0JFYb2zeikuu29TAJMoBw0tFKgQRu9OJujMUtVf7_zDkPNmkl-JJysqVmyOcZwLx7BMUerEqsh9G9U/s1600/mayabazar.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ఆ సమయంలో దృశ్య శ్రవణ
మాధ్యమం అంటే ఆడియో విజువల్ మీడియం యొక్క స్వభావాన్ని అర్థం చేసుకొని దాని పూర్తి
సామర్థ్యం గ్రహించి ఉపయోగింపగల దర్శకులూ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <span lang="TE">దార్పణికులు బహుకొద్దిమంది.
వీరిలో సాంప్రదాయిక సాహిత్యముతో మరియూ పురాణేతిహాసముల కథలూ మరియూ పాత్రలతో
పరిచయమున్న వారు మరీ తక్కువ. నాటక సాంప్రదాయానికి భిన్నంగా పౌరాణిక కథలకు తెర రూపం
కల్పించి ప్రేక్షకుల ఆమోద మొందినవారెవరనేది ఒకసారి పరిశీలిద్దాం.</span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">పౌరాణికాలలో మనదైన వరవడి</span></b><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE4NrhqQHVUx4lpjZQyiwod4Va400mZ0mslfxToVN3R3Bma5e4s6M6yJeWASf_nUKMAf84IokCRGqV1t-jnHdPDG70iuQeyBxnft5H2BD1fMr_ynixwyRCEqi7pJaxZnNGOQup_Qk3lZgb/s1600/Prahlada.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE4NrhqQHVUx4lpjZQyiwod4Va400mZ0mslfxToVN3R3Bma5e4s6M6yJeWASf_nUKMAf84IokCRGqV1t-jnHdPDG70iuQeyBxnft5H2BD1fMr_ynixwyRCEqi7pJaxZnNGOQup_Qk3lZgb/s1600/Prahlada.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">భక్తప్రహ్లాదలో రోజారమణి</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">మొట్టమొదటగా చెప్పుకోవలసినవారు</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">విజయద్వయం</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">నాగిరెడ్డి చక్రపాణులు. పురాణాలలోని ఒక
పిట్టకథను పట్టి</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">పాత్రల స్వభావాలు</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ఔచిత్యాలు చెడకుండా</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">వీలైనంత పోయెటిక్ స్వాతంత్ర్యంతో ఒక
మామూలు ప్రేమకథను పౌరాణిక చిత్రంగా చూపించి మాయ చేసిన దిట్టలు. ఒక చిన్నకథను మూడు
గంటల సినిమాగా పెంచి</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">కథనంలో బిగి సడలకుండా మరో వందేళ్ళు
నిలిచేలా తీసిన </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘</span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">మాయాబజారు</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">’
</span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">అందుకే ఒక</span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">క్లాసిక్ అయింది.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">భూకైలాస్ లో
నారదుడుగా నాగేశ్వర్రావ్</span></td></tr>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ఆ తరువాత తెలుగు సినిమా చరిత్రలో భారతంలోని
వివిధ ఘట్టములు మినహా వేరే పౌరాణిక కథలను పూర్తి చిత్రాలుగా తీసిన తెలుగువారు
లేరు. అవడానికి అరవవారయినా ఆంధ్ర భాగవతంలోని ఒక కథకి పూర్తి సినిమా రూపమిచ్చిన ఘనత
ఏ వీ మెయ్యప్పన్ గారికే దక్కుతుంది. అది నారాయణమూర్తిగారి </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘<span lang="TE">భక్తప్రహ్లాద</span>’.
<span lang="TE">ఈ </span>‘<span lang="TE">చిత్రపు</span>’ <span lang="TE">పూర్వమే
ఏవీయెమ్ వారో స్థల మహత్యాన్ని </span>‘<span lang="TE">భూకైలాస్</span>’<span lang="TE">గా చూపించారు. ఈ చిత్రంలో విశేషం ఏమిటంటే మొట్టమొదటిసారిగా నారదుని
సూత్రధారిని చేసి</span>, <span lang="TE">కూచిపూడి భాగవతుల కథనా సాంప్రదాయాల
ఆధారంగా ఒక మామూలు కథకు హాస్యాన్ని జోడించి జనరంజకం చేసారు. నారదుని వేషమూ</span>,
<span lang="TE">కట్టూ కూచిపూడి భాగవతులను తలపింపజేసేవిగా మలచబడ్డవి. ఇదే టెక్నిక్
ని ఉపయోగించి రుక్మిణీ కళ్యాణం కథను </span>‘<span lang="TE">శ్రీకృష్ణపాండవీయం</span>’<span lang="TE">లో ఒక భాగంగా మన తారకరాముడు తీర్చాడు. నలభైయైదు నిమిషాలు సాగే ఈ కథ ఒక </span>‘<span lang="TE">బ్యాలె</span>’<span lang="TE">లాగా సాగింది.</span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">బాపూగారి చిత్రకల్పన</span></b><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">అందాలరాముడు</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">బాపూగారి కథనం కూడా ఈ కోవకి చెందిందే. ఐతే
శిల్పం అంటే </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘<span lang="TE">ఐకనోగ్రఫి</span>’ <span lang="TE">విషయంలో వీరిదొక సరికొత్త బాణీ. వీరి
కుంచెనుంచి చిందిన చిత్రాలలాగానే వీరి పౌరాణిక పాత్రలు కూడా చాలా సహజమైన దుస్తులు</span>,
<span lang="TE">ఆభరణాలలో కనిపిస్తాయి. మనదైన జానపద హస్తకళా శిల్పం</span>, <span lang="TE">పాత్రల వేషధారణలోనే గాక వెనుకవున్న వస్తు</span>, <span lang="TE">వాస్తులలోనూ
చూడవచ్చు. ఈ తరహా చిత్రకల్పనకి మచ్చుతునకే</span>, ‘<span lang="TE">సంపూర్ణ రామాయణం</span>’
<span lang="TE">సినిమాలోని గుహుని ఘట్టం. అందాలరాముడు చిత్రంలో భద్రాచల స్థల పురాణం
వీరు హీరో నాగేశ్వర్రావు గారిచేత చెప్పించారు. ఈ ఘట్టంలో బాపూగారి బొమ్మలు ఒక </span>‘<span lang="TE">సైడ్ షో</span>’<span lang="TE">లా కథకు తోడ్పడ్డయి. అందులో విష్ణువు ఆ కొండకి
పరుగున వచ్చే సన్నివేశం</span>, <span lang="TE">భాగవతంలోని గజేంద్ర మోక్షం
స్ఫురింపజేసింది. ఈ విధంగా బాపూగారి భాగవతం ఫ్లేవర్ ను</span>, <span lang="TE">తెలుగు
సినిమా ప్రేక్షకులు మొదటిసారిగా రుచి చూసారు. తరువాత</span>, <span lang="TE">ఈ
విధమైన కథలు చెప్పడంలో వీరి కుంచె బొమ్మలేకాదు</span>, <span lang="TE">కదిలే
బొమ్మలు కూడా ఆ స్థాయి వేనని నిరూపించింది </span>‘<span lang="TE">భక్తకన్నప్ప</span>’
<span lang="TE">సినిమాలోని కిరాతార్జునీయం కథ.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">బాపూ - భక్తి</span></b><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">బుద్ధిమంతుడు</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">అందమయిన బొమ్మలు</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <span lang="TE">సన్నివేశాలతో మాత్రమే సినిమా
పూర్తికాదు. సినిమా ఒక కళ మాత్రమే కాదు. ఒక మాధ్యమం కూడా. దీనిలో ఒక కథ చెబితే</span>,
<span lang="TE">దానిలోని భావన చూసేవాడి గుండెలోకి జొరబడగలగాలి. భాగవతపు కథలు
భక్తిరస ప్రధానాలు. తెలుగు సినిమాలలో భక్తిని రక్తి కట్టించిన విషయంలో బాపుగారిదే
పైచేయి. </span>‘<span lang="TE">బుద్ధిమంతుడు</span>’ <span lang="TE">చిత్రంలోని
పూజారి</span>, ‘<span lang="TE">ముత్యాలముగ్గు</span>’<span lang="TE"> చిత్రంలోని ఓ
పదేళ్ళపాప పాత్రల సాయంతో</span>, <span lang="TE">మనస్సులో</span>, <span lang="TE">పూజగదిలో</span>,
<span lang="TE">పద్యాలలో</span>, <span lang="TE">స్తోత్రాలలో ఉండే భక్తిని బయటకి
లాగి పెరట్లోకి</span>, <span lang="TE">వీధిలోకి</span>, <span lang="TE">మామూలు
మాటలలోకి జొప్పించగల్గడం ధృఢమైన భక్తిలేని వానికి అసాధ్యం. ఒకప్పుడు</span>, <span lang="TE">అంటే నా చిన్నప్పుడు</span>, <span lang="TE">ఆయన ముఖం పోర్ట్రయిట్ లో
చూడకమునుపు</span>, <span lang="TE">ఆయన ముఖాన్ని ఊహిస్తే హనుమంతుడు స్ఫురించేవాడు.
ఇప్పటికీ ఆ ఊహ నాకేమీ విడ్డూరం అనిపించదు. బాపూగారి పేరుకి రమణ గారిని అంటించి
చూస్తే కనిపించేది విస్డమ్</span>, <span lang="TE">నాలెడ్జ్</span>, <span lang="TE">క్రియేటివ్
ఎబిలిటీ మరియూ భక్తి. ఇది పూర్తిగా హనుమద్దర్శనమే.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ఇక రమణగారి విషయానికొస్తే</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <span lang="TE">వీరిరువురూ
ఒకరి కోసం ఒకరు పుట్టారా అనిపిస్తుంది. మన సంస్కృతిలో </span>‘<span lang="TE">మేల్
బాండింగ్</span>’ <span lang="TE">అనేది ఈనాటిది కాదు. ఇంద్రవరుణులు</span>, <span lang="TE">గిల్గమేష్-ఎంకిడూలు</span>, <span lang="TE">నరనారాయణులు</span>, <span lang="TE">కృష్ణార్జునులు</span>, <span lang="TE">చాణక్య చంద్రగుప్తులు</span>, <span lang="TE">భట్టి విక్రమార్కులు</span>, <span lang="TE">భోజకాళిదాసులు</span>, <span lang="TE">అక్బర్ బీర్బల్ ఇలా ఎన్నో ఉదాహరణలు. కళాసృష్టి జరగాలంటే రెండు మేధస్సుల
కలయిక ఎస్సెన్షియల్ కాకాపోయినా</span>, <span lang="TE">చాలా ఎఫెక్టివ్ అని మాత్రం
చెప్పగలం. బాపుగారి బొమ్మలకి</span>, <span lang="TE">రమణగారి మాటలు జోడయితే తనివారా
వినడం</span>, <span lang="TE">మనసారా కనడం ఆనందకరమే. </span></span><b><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">సీగానపెసూనాంబా
నన్ను పెళ్ళాడుతావురా అండీ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?</span></div>
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<b><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">రమణగారి హాస్యం</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">భాగవతం అనే ఈ హరికథ ఎంత భక్తి ప్రధానమైనా</span><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <span lang="TE">మన
తెలుగువారికి హాస్యం లేకపోతే గోవిందే. రమణగారి రచనలు మొదటినించీ హాస్యరస
ప్రధానాలు. జనతా ఎక్స్</span>’<span lang="TE">ప్రెస్</span>, <span lang="TE">ఋణానందలహరి</span>,
<span lang="TE">బుడుగువంటి పుస్తకాలలోని పాత్రలు సినిమారంగంలో అంతగా రాణించకపోయినా</span>,
<span lang="TE">వీరు సినిమాకోసం సృష్టించిన కొన్ని పాత్రలు ప్రేక్షకుల అశేషాదరణ
పొందటమేగాక</span>, <span lang="TE">ఆ తరువాత వచ్చిన సినిమాలకి వరవడి అయ్యాయి.
అందాలరాముడులోని </span>‘<span lang="TE">తీతా</span>’, <span lang="TE">ముత్యాలముగ్గులోని
కాంట్రాక్టరు పాత్రల నీడలు ఇప్పటికీ కోట శ్రీనివాసరావు టైపు కామెడీ-విలన్ పాత్రలలో
చూస్తున్నాం. </span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">అలో అలో
అలో.....</span></td></tr>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="TE">ఈనాటి టీవీ భాగవతంలోని కలిపురుషుడు</span>, <span lang="TE">మరి అప్పటి
రాజాధిరాజు సినిమాలోని </span>‘<span lang="TE">మైదాస్</span>’ <span lang="TE">పాత్రలు
ఒకే మూసలోనివి. అయితే</span>, <span lang="TE">భాగవతంలో హాస్యానికి అంతగా ఆపర్చూనిటీ
లేదు. ఎప్పుడో ఒకప్పుడు వచ్చే వసంతకుడో లేదా ప్రహ్లాదుని గురువులైన చండమార్కుల
మార్కు పాత్రలద్వారా కొద్దో గొప్పో హాస్యాన్ని గుప్పించవచ్చు. ఇది ముఖ్య పాత్రల
ఔచిత్యానికి</span>, <span lang="TE">కథన గాంభీర్యానికి భంగం రాకుండా బాపూ రమాణలు
చెప్పగలరనటానికి డౌటే లేదు.</span> మనవాళ్ళకు హాస్యమెంత ముఖ్యమో భాగవత కథలకి
శృంగారాద్భుత రసాలంత ముఖ్యం. అంటే నవరసాలలో మిగిలినవి లేవని కాదు.
నరసింహావతారంలోని రౌద్రం</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <span lang="TE">భీభత్సం</span>, <span lang="TE">రామావతారంలోని వీరం</span>, <span lang="TE">కరుణ</span>,
<span lang="TE">ఇలా అన్ని రసాలు కలిసినదే ఈ కథనం. అయితే భక్తి నిరూపణకి ముఖ్యమైన
ముడిసరుకులు శృంగారమూ మరియూ అద్భుతమునూ.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="TE">శృంగార రసం ఎలా</span>?</span></b><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIDCAUSKDK8YcL8nighw0ud8Etjl1NpFMpPNJbdFNKtzS16RWwFK2jY9WikyWh7tqWAZBovL8Qmc9aTh7iKbamaTc6D420RweZP_lkgqj6hq4a2KxBhTVs7YARzONQACjl_NQvVVFI_eVD/s1600/entati+rasikudavo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIDCAUSKDK8YcL8nighw0ud8Etjl1NpFMpPNJbdFNKtzS16RWwFK2jY9WikyWh7tqWAZBovL8Qmc9aTh7iKbamaTc6D420RweZP_lkgqj6hq4a2KxBhTVs7YARzONQACjl_NQvVVFI_eVD/s1600/entati+rasikudavo.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ఎంతటి రసికుడవో
తెలిసెరా...</span></td></tr>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">భారతీయ పురాతన సాంప్రదాయంలో శృంగారము</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <span lang="TE">ఒక చెప్పదగని
గోప్యమయిన విషయమేమీ కాదు. అయితే</span>, <span lang="TE">ఆధునిక సభ్య సంస్కృతికి
పునాది</span>, <span lang="TE">విక్టోరియా యుగానికి చెందిన పాశ్చాత్యపు విలువలు.
అప్పటి సాహిత్యంలోని శృంగారాన్ని మక్కికిమక్కిగా చూపిస్తే నేటి సమాజం దాన్ని
అశ్లీలం అనే ప్రమాదం ఉంది. మరి చూపించక దాస్తే అది సాంప్రదాయానికి న్యాయం
చేసినట్లు కాదు. ఈ కత్తిమీద సాము బాపుగారికి అలవాటే. </span>‘<span lang="TE">బంగారు
పిచ్చుక</span>’ <span lang="TE">సినిమాలో హీరోని విజయనిర్మల గారు సెడ్యూస్ చేయబోయే
సన్నివేశంలో వీరు చూపించిన శృంగారం</span>, <span lang="TE">మేల్ ఆడియెన్స్ లోని
బేసిక్ ఇంస్టింక్ట్ ని కదిలించినా</span>, <span lang="TE">అది అసభ్యం అశ్లీలం అని
ఎవ్వరూ అనలేరు. జయమాలిని</span>, <span lang="TE">హలంలు </span>‘<span lang="TE">శివశివ
అననేలరా</span>’ <span lang="TE">లేదా </span>‘<span lang="TE">ఎంతటి రసికుడవో
తెలిసెరా</span>’ <span lang="TE">అని ఆడిపాడినా అది కథనానికి రసపట్టయిందే కానీ</span>,
<span lang="TE">వసూళ్ళకోసం జొప్పించిన ఐటమ్ నంబర్లు కాలేదు. కాబట్టి భాగవతంలోని
మేనక</span>, <span lang="TE">మోహినిలాంటి పాత్రలు డ్రాయింగ్ రూంలో మిగిలిన కుటుంబ
సభ్యులతో చూడడానికి ఎవరికీ అభ్యంతరం ఉండదు.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">టెక్నాలజీ - అద్భుతం</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">బాపూ సినిమాల్లో అద్భుత రసానికి ఆయువుపట్టు
రవికాంత్ నగాయిచ్ గారి కెమెరా ట్రిక్స్. ట్రెడిషనల్ ఇమేజరీలోని అవాస్తవిక
దృశ్యాల్ని తెలుగు సంప్రదాయానికి ఎంతో దగ్గరగా చూపించగలగడం ఆయన గొప్పదనం.
ప్రస్తుతం హాలీవుడ్ సినిమాలతో సహా అందరూ ఉపయోగిస్తున్నది వీడియో ఆనిమేషన్
టెక్నాలజీ. ఇప్పటి సినిమాలలో చూపిస్తున్న ట్రిక్స్ చాలావరకూ కంప్యూటర్ ద్వారా
వీడియో మీడియంలో తీసి </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘<span lang="TE">రివర్స్ టెలెసిని</span>’ <span lang="TE">ద్వారా సినిమా ఫిల్మ్ లోకి
ట్రాన్స్</span>’<span lang="TE">ఫర్ చేయబడుతున్నాయి. మన దేశంలో ప్రస్తుతం వీడియో
ఆనిమేషన్ టెక్నాలజీని మాస్టర్ చేసిన </span>‘<span lang="TE">టెక్నీషియన్</span>’<span lang="TE">లు చాలామందే ఉన్నారు. రామోజీ ఫిల్మ్ సిటీలోని </span>‘<span lang="TE">మాయ</span>’<span lang="TE"> ఇటువంటి ఒక అధునాతన వసతి. ఈ మాయాజాలం భాగవత నిర్మాణంలో బాపుగారికి మంచి
కైజోడవుతుంది. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">సినిమా - టెలివిజన్</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ఒక టెక్నాలజీ విషయంలోనే కాదు. భాగవతానికి
సినిమాకంటే టెలివిజన్ సరైన మీడియం అనుకుంటాను. ఎందుకంటే ఇది భారత రామాయణాలలోలాగా
ఒక కథ కాదు</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <span lang="TE">ఎన్నో కథల సంకలనం. ఒక్కొక్క కథనీ సినిమాగా తీస్తూపోతే కనీసం ఇరవై
సినిమాలన్నా పడుతుంది. ఒకే మూడు గంటల సినిమాగా కండెన్స్ చేస్తే</span>, <span lang="TE">ఒక్కొక్క కథనీ క్లుప్తంగా </span>‘<span lang="TE">కట్టెకొట్టేతెచ్చె</span>’
<span lang="TE">అన్నట్లుగా చూపించాల్సి వస్తుంది. బాపుగారు ఈ ఎక్స్పరిమెంట్ కూడా
చేసారు. </span>‘<span lang="TE">సీతాకళ్యాణం</span>’ <span lang="TE">సినిమాలో
శ్రీరామ జననం నుంచి కళ్యాణం వరకూ ప్రధాన కథ అయితే</span>, <span lang="TE">అందులో
భాగవతంలోని ఐదు ముఖ్యమైన కథలను</span>, <span lang="TE">పది పదిహేను నిమిషాల పాటల
ద్వారా క్లుప్తంగా చూపించారు. గంగావతరణం</span>, <span lang="TE">త్రిపురాసుర సంహారం</span>,
<span lang="TE">వామన</span>, <span lang="TE">ప్రహ్లాద</span>, <span lang="TE">విశ్వామిత్ర
చరిత్రలు చూడడానికి</span>, <span lang="TE">వినడానికి ఎంతో సొంపుగా మలచారు.
అమెరికన్ యూనివర్సిటీలలో ఓరియెంటల్ ఆర్ట్స్ సిలబస్ లో భాగంగా నిలిచే గౌరవం
దక్కించికున్న ఈ చిత్రం</span>, <span lang="TE">ఇక్కడ బాక్సాఫీస్ లో ఫ్లాప్ అయింది.
నా దృష్టిలో కారణం ఏమిటంటే</span>, <span lang="TE">ప్రేక్షకులలో పురాణేతిహాసాలలోని
న్యూన్</span>’<span lang="TE">సే ఆకళింపు చేసుకోగలవారు చాలా కొద్దిమంది. ఈ కోవకి
చెందిన వారికి ఈ సినిమా ఎన్నిసార్లు చూసినా తనివి తీరదు. మిగిలిన వారికివి
పూర్తిగా అర్థమవాలంటే కొంచెం ఎలాబొరేషన్ అవసరం. నెరెటివ్ ద్వారా లేదా సంభాషణల
రూపంలో ఈ కథలు మామూలు ప్రేక్షకులకి అర్థమయేలా చెప్పాలంటే ఒక్కొక్క కథకి కనీసం ఒకటి
రెండు గంటలైనా పడుతుంది. అంటే</span>, <span lang="TE">ఇరవై ముప్ఫై సినిమాల నిడివి
పట్టే భాగవతం ఏభై ఎపిసోడ్ ల సీరియల్ కి సరిగ్గా సరిపోతుంది. ఒక సంవత్సరం పాటూ
ప్రతి ఆదివారం చూస్తేగానీ ఈ భాగవతం తెమలదు. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ఈ కాలంలో మనవి చాలావరకూ న్యూక్లియర్ కుటుంబాలు.
ఎడ్యుకేషన్</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <span lang="TE">లిటరసీ పెరిగినా</span>, <span lang="TE">సంప్రదాయక సాహిత్యంలో జ్ఞానం బాగా
తగ్గింది. మన ఇండ్లలో పిల్లలకి మైథలాజికల్ కథలు చెప్పగల సామర్థ్యం</span>, <span lang="TE">సమయంగల పెద్దలు కరువైయ్యారు. అందుకే ఈటీవీ భాగవతాన్ని మనమొక
ఆపర్చ్యూనిటీగా భావిస్తే పోతనామాత్యుడు మనింట నాటిన కల్పవృక్షపు మహాఫలాల్ని
మరికొన్ని తరాలు తినవచ్చు. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- <b>సాయి పాపినేని</b></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <span lang="TE">రీజనల్ మేనేజర్ మార్కెటింగ్</span>,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">యు. బి. గ్రూప్</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <span lang="TE">స్పిరిట్స్ డివిజన్</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">---</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Shiva – The God of Harappans</span></u></b></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">- <span style="font-size: small;">SAI PAPINENI</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1M1CGfAAMHZVuLsKdCUOEfFuDFmx9Pw-HZGosCP3vae8Dw26ICUVbpSAt-ZX32uyo3Xhnha-vuqzmnT9aXqQm7nrxgPn3Q9JZZgUL4l_FdcpyPpVisWoo46duDw2nsCIr8fcleqFpYAY5/s1600/Shiva_Tripurantaka.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1M1CGfAAMHZVuLsKdCUOEfFuDFmx9Pw-HZGosCP3vae8Dw26ICUVbpSAt-ZX32uyo3Xhnha-vuqzmnT9aXqQm7nrxgPn3Q9JZZgUL4l_FdcpyPpVisWoo46duDw2nsCIr8fcleqFpYAY5/s1600/Shiva_Tripurantaka.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tripurantaka - Annihilator of Three Cities</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Adherents of Aryan Invasion paradigm explain the
religion of IVC as non-Vedic and that it belongs to the same set of aboriginal
belief systems, latter assimilated into the mainstream. Today the imagery
around Shiva is so complex it can be used to explain every, and any, word,
picture or artifact, – not only of Indian origin but from anywhere in the world
of any period – as in some way or other, connected to it. Therefore, it is
convenient to label every pictogram or the script symbols as non-Aryan and
somehow connect them to this godhead. Even the new age fiction writers with no
understanding of mythology or history have not spared him, trying to portray
him as an aboriginal character fighting invading barbarians is height of
absurdity. </span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Nevertheless, the progress of Rudra complex within
Vedic literature gives us clues to the identity of the God of the Harappans.
Rudra primarily is a minor beneficent god in its earliest books, especially the
second mandala of Ṛgvéda. He is called fair-lipped, youthful, tawny, decked
with golden ornaments, rides a chariot and a physician of physicians. But in
the later sections of the same codices, the first and the last, his character
begins to mutate – prayers are addressed to him, instead of asking for favor,
they are aimed at seeking deliverance from his wrath. This wrathful imagery
takes a definite shape in the latter books and is developed into a huge
theistic complex towards the end of the Vedic age. The logical way to fix a
chronology for the events in the Vedic tradition and the Gods of IVC is to find
correspondences from historical sources and the evolution of sacred complexes
in contemporary cultures.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">We are reasonably sure that the earliest sacred
complex of the human beings is built around a female entity – the Mother
Goddess – and the Venus figurines found across the globe bear evidence. In the
Paleolithic – Hunter-Gatherer – societies, the subsistence depended on whatever
the Earth Mother provided. Woman was the main bread-winner. Human being, per
say, is not a big game hunter. It had been the woman that gathered trapped and
processed food and produced offspring. Man had been a subservient adjunct and
probably contributed an insignificant morsel as a result of a communal sport
called hunt. It was only with the coming of Neolithic subsistence system, an
understanding of male component in the process of procreation dawned on the
collective consciousness. Animal breeding and cultivation had made the ‘seed’
as important as the ‘womb’. When did this process begin in Indian context? </span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Preparing the Seed -
Mehrgarh </span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Megasthenes gave us the first clue. Dionysius came
to India into its northwestern hills in circa 6363 BCE – based of course on
existing native tradition then. The date coincides with the beginnings of
Neolithic complexes in the region. Do we have any corresponding reference in Ṛgvéda
to support this statement?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the
creation hymn of Ṛgvéda the first job of Rudra was to prepare the seed for ‘the
father’. Who was this Rudra? He was an archer, poised to shoot the very same
father when he wanted to waste it on his virgin daughter. It was this act of
shooting – an attempt at parricide – that allows the earth to receive the
spilled seed. He was called Vāstoşpati, Lord of Vāstu – The Site. Vasusthali
was the name of the city at the foot of Méru. So-po-fa-so-to (Subha-Vāstu) was
the name given by Hsuen Tsang to the Zhob Valley. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Read… </span><a href="http://saipapineni.blogspot.in/2012/08/finding-mount-meru.html"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">http://saipapineni.blogspot.in/2012/08/finding-mount-meru.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Doesn’t this give us a reason to assume that the
Vedic tradition has the remembrance of this very early event? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tryambaka and Tri-Puras</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">This primordial understanding of sacred male began
to grow with the progresses in subsistence technology. Even in the Early
Neolithic milieu, the woman’s contribution to the community table continued to
be predominant. It was only the child bearing and rearing compulsions that had
taken some of the productive activities away from the female domain. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">See table.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPAmfGbUdzvWZo0HXlMxcl7zTmzxQ1RX16kPTkqB6VTxDNwj4h7VzQzYNacY7BQC7QmlCzEkm6_K9rxS8GIwCNwhl9E3lPT2FEW2HtRFhgLl2dZN74SEykJ7MfZClSCiNKE8mO1EC-cgCw/s1600/Woman%2527s+job.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPAmfGbUdzvWZo0HXlMxcl7zTmzxQ1RX16kPTkqB6VTxDNwj4h7VzQzYNacY7BQC7QmlCzEkm6_K9rxS8GIwCNwhl9E3lPT2FEW2HtRFhgLl2dZN74SEykJ7MfZClSCiNKE8mO1EC-cgCw/s1600/Woman%2527s+job.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The female became house-bound and the male a
wanderer. When the early urbanization reached the Indus-Saraswati basin, three
subsistence systems came together – Three peoples, Three Lokas and Three
Mothers. The river system was an amalgam of male and female – they were called
the Twins, Ila and Ilā – or Yama and Yami and their union Yamuna the Twin
River. Tāntrik tradition still remembers them as two parallel streams – they
called them nāḍi – between them rose Kunḍālini, the field of Siddhi. Ila and
Ilā are the primordial twins whose incestuous union resulted in the rise of the
civilization. In time, the male stream Ila came to be known as Indu, a single
conspicuous dot in the night sky, moon, by dropping the semi vowel ‘V’ from
Vindu/Bindu. But there was no threat yet to the primordial sacred feminine. She
continued to be the queen in the collective consciousness even today – and
addressed as such – a position reserved only to the goddess Saraswati. The Bālā
Tripura Yantra, an esoteric representation of the primordial virgin mother
begins with three equally-spaced dots – a symbol vocalized as the syllable ‘i’ in
Brahmi. Brahmi is another name for Ilā/Saraswati. The syllable ‘i’ pronounced
as English letter ‘E’, for Ilā became its first letter, with reason, at least
until the male god asserted his dominance and the ‘Man’ sign for ‘A’ (</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">ʞ</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">) took precedence. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">In the earliest strata – Ṛgvéda, Yajurveda and the
Brahmana of Hundred Paths, he was called Tryambaka – he was associated with a
lady or three ladies. Some called them his mothers, some consorts and still
some his sister. In classical Sanskrit, Ambaka meant ‘Eye’. He added a third
eye on his forehead – a vertical representation – a symbol for the female
generative organ and a source of fire, Agni. Purānas called him Tripurāntaka,
the annihilator of the Tripuras and built a myth around it. But the kernel of
the memory was not lost. The archer shoots only when the three dots converged
to become one – The Bindu. A confused account of Nāda and Bindu as the brother
of the sacred feminine continues in our Tāntrik tradition even today. Nada with
a short second letter means a male river as opposed to Nadi, the female. </span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Iśāna and Sthānu</span></u></b></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The conflict was real and the man relentless, he was
not satisfied until he received his wont. As the civilization began to grow, he
also began acquiring new cognomens. He cried and howled until they are granted.
Śatapatha Brahmaṇa relates his ascent in a story …<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAv_fjdbYS_AU-g-YN33T2nXH_EqOmzaolaFQYPcK2RX2reJetPBPn8q7vigQLOHuIiGgKSJUD0U27PwfAsG13TyGricIGLOs6mItsG1sLHSERiMljVy5-xpU_otlnQSSLoloJiLLCFeus/s1600/Sthanu+in+a+Tree+Trunk.jpg" height="185" width="200" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Add caption</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<b><span style="color: white;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">When the Child cried, the
Father said to him “Thou art Rudra”. And Agni took that form. Rudra and Agni
became one. But the Child is not content. He cried for more. Then the Father
said to the Archer, “Thou art Śarva”. And he became one with the Waters.
Because from water comes everything</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">*</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">But the child is not happy. Then the Father gave more names, called him
Paśupati, Ugra, Aśani, Bhava, and Mahadeva. And the plants, wind, lightning,
rain, and moon became one with him in that order. Yet he is unhappy. Finally,
the child smiled, when the Father called him Iśāna, making him one with the
Sun, Lord of all, that he surveyed.</span></i></span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">*</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Here is a blunder committed
by the authors of SB … Sarva and Śarva are two different words. Śarva comes
from the root Śaru, the arrow while Sarva (without the diacritical mark) means
‘All’. Where is the connection between arrow and waters? I shall address this
later.)</span></span></b></div>
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<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; height: 249px; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left; width: 194px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLimeuAYKQiDj07lu_9MLTH543kJJa61pjOIvCU6sO9ttmzyj5duYtqzxdYZM8snjrqOq56S5bHwlAnmgcFWDJdtWyn7PFPSqEKEP9W1cRyuHkNLZnS1iclTe7v7eUPTOF2yutIy7Fezn9/s1600/Mukhalingam.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLimeuAYKQiDj07lu_9MLTH543kJJa61pjOIvCU6sO9ttmzyj5duYtqzxdYZM8snjrqOq56S5bHwlAnmgcFWDJdtWyn7PFPSqEKEP9W1cRyuHkNLZnS1iclTe7v7eUPTOF2yutIy7Fezn9/s1600/Mukhalingam.jpg" height="200" width="133" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mukhalingam- Phallus with a Face</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">In the Mature Harappan context, most of the
productive activities have already moved to the male domain.The preponderance
of female figurines in Neolithic Mehrgarh is replaced by the male elements in
Harappan iconography – symbols of phalluses and bulls outnumber. The god takes
a new name, once again. </span><br />
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIWJGvor1ve0c3eFWhwhOCKBfxs2S7cQJQ2e_L7b1MdAEmnEDQNg14v2K09jwKeIpoJkcNuwHg5dz1iuOaypK6yw3GvmYDvV6f5y2ES49h3i21FGk61yTAR2Ec6hE7uQXRZGVeRePsDJwp/s1600/Gudimallam+Sthanu.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIWJGvor1ve0c3eFWhwhOCKBfxs2S7cQJQ2e_L7b1MdAEmnEDQNg14v2K09jwKeIpoJkcNuwHg5dz1iuOaypK6yw3GvmYDvV6f5y2ES49h3i21FGk61yTAR2Ec6hE7uQXRZGVeRePsDJwp/s1600/Gudimallam+Sthanu.jpg" height="200" width="101" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gudimallam 1st Century CE</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">He called himself <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sthānu</b>,
a column a pillar a symbol of male productivity. The sacred feminine – the
mother goddess becomes a consort of the male god. The father of the river –
Lord of the People – Prajāpati will be forced to acknowledge his preeminence.
This new consort is called Umā or simply ‘His Companion, Sati’. But their
matrimony doesn’t last long. Unfortunately, she leaves him.</span><br />
</div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Where did she go?</span><br />
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghWAEheGQmXPID-Jd_WhRuzgTy_URbIVAsf0Gx6EDpc2YMDHHnYs1J21bxU-duA7OelhnvpCaN_efvEx8GDK2eXaBdYvMXEpUH6poAXtwKdfGfpkYKQ1E7ion6_oVEFtY5Y3yQtzy5Vw4q/s1600/Oesho+%2526+Nana.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghWAEheGQmXPID-Jd_WhRuzgTy_URbIVAsf0Gx6EDpc2YMDHHnYs1J21bxU-duA7OelhnvpCaN_efvEx8GDK2eXaBdYvMXEpUH6poAXtwKdfGfpkYKQ1E7ion6_oVEFtY5Y3yQtzy5Vw4q/s1600/Oesho+%2526+Nana.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kushan Coin </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">There are many clues left
scattered across different historical milieu. One of them is a quarter stater
of the Kushān emperor, Hüvişka. It has on its obverse surface a pair of gods,
male and female, and the legend <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘Oesho and Nana’</i></b>. It is accepted as
an early-historic material reference to the existence of the divine couple,
Shiva and Pārvati. The engraver of another coin struck in gold by the very same
emperor, now in British Museum, was a little more helpful. He called the lady
ΩΜΜΩ – OMMO. This is not an unfamiliar name. In Babylon she is called Ummu or
Ummi. The Akkadians also called her Ummi. Scythians, of course pronounced it as
Ommo. In South India we call her Amma. And, in the north she’s called Mā. </span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The clue is in the unity of Ummi and Nana.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Here let us travel laterally for a few hundred miles
to the west, to another Twin River and a different civilization – Mesopotamia.
En Merker legend states that goddess Inanna deserted the people of Araṭṭa
during the reign of Al Suguir-anna and her disfavor led to a famine. The
civilization tottered on the brink of collapse. If we identify this king of Araṭṭa
with Sagara, we may get some clues to the economic and political state of the
civilization. For details you may read my earlier post on a new paradigm of
Pargiter’s genealogies called … </span><a href="http://saipapineni.blogspot.in/2012/12/history-of-indus-valley-civilization.html"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">http://saipapineni.blogspot.in/2012/12/history-of-indus-valley-civilization.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">For the discussion here it may suffice to say that
Sagara, an Ikşvāku king of Ayodhya was instrumental in annihilating the Asura
overlords and also during his reign, there occurred a riparian crisis due to
the drying up of lower river basin in which 65000 households of his subjects
suffered from a prolonged drought. An irrigation channel that he had planned to
build to revive the old course failed and was only completed after a few
generations. This period also foreshadows the rise of an indigenous movement of
a sacrificial cult, led by Viswāmitras and their descendents called Bharatas.
It was in the hands of these Bharatas, the religious and historical tradition
of antiquity was codified.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">And, our Rudra suffers the biggest crisis in his
career. To understand the crisis, we must understand the power complex of Rudra
that drew its nourishment as much from the popular Neolithic substructure as
from the political and economic superstructure of the urban culture. What was
this political superstructure? Ikşvākus ruled from their capital Ayodhya
(Harappa) and they lived for generations in a constant dread of the alien
overlords called Asuras. There is a natal connection between the Asuras and the
various cultures of Mesopotamia. Trade flourished between the cultures, but
there seems to be a coercive element that favored the aliens. Tradition is
thick with evidence of Rudra favoring these Asuras. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The sacred complex of Mesopotamia consisted of Anu
the supreme male god and Ea the hermaphrodite Earth god – a clear parallel to
Stha-Anu (Rudra) and his concert Umā/Nana. Inanna was the goddess of the river.
With the annihilation of Asuras and the unprecedented famine, it is no wonder
the general confidence in him dwindled. Figuratively, Rudra goes on a
self-imposed exile and ceases to be the chief god of the civilization. In
Mesopotamia, the preeminence of Anu also suffers. Marduk ascends the ziggurat
as the chief. </span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Rise of the Sun God</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Like Ra of Egypt and Marduk of Sumer a warrior solar
god arose in India also. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">He is Indra with his coterie of Dévas. The Solar
powered Ādityas took over and Rudra is relegated to the frontier lands. He
becomes the god of thieves, wanderers, aborigines and the dead. He survives there
for a millennium and rises like phoenix with the revival of early historical
civilization. Probably, the crisis forced his followers to fan out wide and
identify themselves with the lower social strata that are more numerous, while
the brāhmaṇic Indra becomes an instrument in the hands a handful. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">By the first millennium BCE, in Kena-Upanishad, this
primordial god takes a new name and a damsel from the mountains as his concert.
For the first time in tradition, he’s called Shiva. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Conclusion</span></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ṛgvéda… if one still considers it as the earliest
book of IE tradition, its memories go back to the earliest context of post
Holocene events in the subcontinent. A reasonable connection can be made based
on the references to Rudra-Agni complex with the Pre-Harappan events. Secondly,
significant presence of Sumerian-Akkadian element in the early Ṛgvédic hymns is
visible, only if one sheds the conventional colored glasses.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Before I set my case to rest, I want to draw your
attention to some recent headway made in this direction – here I am not
referring to the extreme jingoist views but some objective research – Sullivan
Code, for one. Though I am not fully convinced about her reading of all the
script values, I see some of the individual signs do have promise. Here, I want
to bounce off two of the most common terminal signs – the Arrow and the Pot –
as I feel that they are relevant to this post.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmXQJMSycipF8k5WwTJTPUNG3sN7sWs07JEY-5GX2HjeCbD3fv-68lzPmd7SgO0OsobFSEdCTR35_Oo2otrWh8wE22SJqo3rqMa7j-9dORn_5p5Os-dzgjiGdUCfSHxZ2rDE0c_wZmEq0N/s1600/12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmXQJMSycipF8k5WwTJTPUNG3sN7sWs07JEY-5GX2HjeCbD3fv-68lzPmd7SgO0OsobFSEdCTR35_Oo2otrWh8wE22SJqo3rqMa7j-9dORn_5p5Os-dzgjiGdUCfSHxZ2rDE0c_wZmEq0N/s1600/12.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">232 Signs</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sullivan’s reading of the Arrow sign as ‘Ni’ is the
most common terminal letter for the feminine names in Ṛgvéda. Indra-ani,
Varuna-ani, Rudra-ani and the names of Shiva’s consorts – Bhava-ani, Śarva-ani,
Shiva-ani – the list is exhaustive. If the seals actually proclaimed the names,
there is a good reason to assume that a significant number of legends ending
with the Arrow are female names. The next is the Pot sign. To me it always
looked like a stylized frontal view of a bovine head with a pair of horns and
ears. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIcspBKkxaPe4_6vYX6xI0E5kLKKBCCztyQfoGJJvXAjKJgoFt9j06FZ7Dy4hXNuufpTIzS6B5d_6iEoGewDCZ0nIigIPzVcjqOQ3G6K2dYNl2ul7LCJfzyqFVKRrWXBf90LbVFVr59LBU/s1600/An.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIcspBKkxaPe4_6vYX6xI0E5kLKKBCCztyQfoGJJvXAjKJgoFt9j06FZ7Dy4hXNuufpTIzS6B5d_6iEoGewDCZ0nIigIPzVcjqOQ3G6K2dYNl2ul7LCJfzyqFVKRrWXBf90LbVFVr59LBU/s1600/An.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1696 Signs</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sullivan and IM read this as ‘An’. If one looks at the Shiva-ite Tāntrik
sects, there is a strong tradition of suffixing the proper names with that of
the Lord – Shiva, Śambhu, Bhairava etc. If Shiva in Harappan context had
carried the same name as his counterpart in Sumer, it is eminently possible
that a good number of masculine PNs ended with the letter An, Anu or even Anna
as in Suguir-anna. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Let me close this post with a caveat … </span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzz5pNu1K2IcXDcOjKdwmZGAYnjxtXjcBP6KOyVECFIBbWFfgMb9WR9Kz6UC8ucgMXVO-t5hjr2JqIeW8tEGd2x4_1kafqAhPDowRdbtK36qlr1JcMxB-XT_o6Ku_tRc3lrfPo0o2aeHCG/s1600/images.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzz5pNu1K2IcXDcOjKdwmZGAYnjxtXjcBP6KOyVECFIBbWFfgMb9WR9Kz6UC8ucgMXVO-t5hjr2JqIeW8tEGd2x4_1kafqAhPDowRdbtK36qlr1JcMxB-XT_o6Ku_tRc3lrfPo0o2aeHCG/s1600/images.jpg" height="320" width="315" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A-Sh-Sh-Ani----Ma-Anu -<b><span style="color: white;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Aśani-Manu</span></i></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">We may not be
able to find all the answers from the Vedic tradition since the tradition that
is handed over to us is a result of codification that had taken place after the
Mahabharata War – and the event or process could not have taken place earlier
than IVC – and is clearly sectarian in character. We must draw data from other
sources – Purānic, Tāntrik and contemporary records from the neighboring
cultures – before making any inferences. With the current state of knowledge,
the conclusions above will not pass muster – they can only be termed hasty
speculations – but I am sure they point towards the need for some serious
research in this direction. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(148, 138, 84); text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hail Aśani the Original Man!</span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-69292957146335090012013-01-13T05:19:00.002+05:302013-01-13T13:14:09.360+05:30THE ROYAL LETTER <!--[if !mso]>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 22.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">THE ROYAL LETTER </span></u></b></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">By SAI PAPINENI</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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It was the most dreaded answer, from the
history teacher, to my question, “How much did I get in the last test?”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He almost always said … rotating his arm in a
huge circular motion … to an instantaneous outburst of mirth from every corner
of the classroom.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">బండిసున్నా</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>(“<i>BanDi Sunna</i>”, in
Telugu)</div>
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The word ‘BanDi Sunna’ always stayed with
me – a constant companion in my nightmares – even after I finished school and
the words, tests and marks, receded into the past. </div>
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<i>BanDi</i> in Telugu means ‘Cart’ and <i>Sunna</i> is ‘Zero’. The symbol
for Zero, of course, is a circle that resembles the wheel. The word Sunna is
derived from Sanskrit ‘Sūnya’. That means the word came into Dravidian lexicon
only after the interaction with Indo-European languages. Then the Sanskrit word
for wheel is ‘Chakra’. If the Telugu or Proto-Telugu speakers knew the word
Sūnya, then they must have also known the word Chakra. If so, why didn’t they
use that word for wheel, instead of the word for cart? </div>
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Probably, they had a preexisting set of words that are synonymous derived
from a different root. </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>The Wheel Sign</u></b></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8x9w3WYYxFF4u2bBay8yxdVzV79qcxyUBU5AHR1qZYs7WRhMi0sZVe9Nnibt_q_jV8onyURREC53FLtmDcLhbDJcjHgT7HdaHxtDqsFzQdZkGq93is-Dbe5EfepwgSwZRj48xSzRYqMXg/s1600/The+R+Word.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8x9w3WYYxFF4u2bBay8yxdVzV79qcxyUBU5AHR1qZYs7WRhMi0sZVe9Nnibt_q_jV8onyURREC53FLtmDcLhbDJcjHgT7HdaHxtDqsFzQdZkGq93is-Dbe5EfepwgSwZRj48xSzRYqMXg/s1600/The+R+Word.png" height="147" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Common Variants of Wheel </td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Telugu word for wheel is ‘<i>Gānu’</i> and resembles ‘<i>GāDi’</i> the
common word in Hindi for cart, carriage or vehicle. ‘<i>GāDi’</i> in Telugu
means a rut made by a wheel. <i>Gānuga</i> is the circular oil mill with a
single wheel pulled by an ox. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that there
was an original ‘Gā’ word for cart and wheel. Further, <i>Gam</i>, <i>Gva</i>
and <i>Gava</i> are words that denoted travel or movement even in Vedic
lexicon. </div>
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It was for this reason I tried to read the wheel sign that occurs more
than two hundred times in Harappan specimens and an equal if not more number of
times with a few minor variations, as a symbol of carriage or cart and
phonetically as the letter ‘Ga’. </div>
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Alternatively, the words, Chakra, Chakki (Circular Grinding Stone) Charka
(Spinning Wheel) and Chara (Movement) called for a different phonetic reading, ‘Ca’.
The first three symbols in the famous signboard of Dholavira has a ‘Crab sign’
followed by two ‘Wheel signs’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is
tempting to read the crab-sign – that resembles the cross-sign ‘Ka’ in Brahmi –
as ‘Karkataka’ and phonetic ‘Ka’, and the two wheel signs as ‘Ch-Ch’, giving us
the name of the island Cutch. </div>
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It had never occurred to me to read the wheel-sign as the letter ‘R’. Not
until Sue Sullivan’s Indus Script Dictionary forced me to. </div>
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I began very skeptically. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Let me quote Sullivan here …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>“I found the value for
the wheel sign, ‘ra,’ by using an Indo-European root for ‘wheel’. (The first
syllable of the Tamil word for wheel, ‘urulai’, just did not fit as a phonetic
value). This is not to say that several other signs did not come from Dravidian
words, they obviously did. But ‘ra’ is such a common sign in Indus script, and
I often found it followed by the ‘dvi’ sign, which looks like an apostrophe.
Was I looking at the name ‘Ravi’? As it turned out dozens of seals began with
the name Ravi …”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Her derivation of Ra from IE as exemplified by ‘Rota’ failed to convince
me. The Brahmi letter for Ra is far from circular and so is the case with almost
all the North Indian IE scripts. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="HI" style="color: black; font-family: "Mangal","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">र</span></b><span lang="HI" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">– Deva</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI;">nagari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="GU" style="color: black; font-family: "Shruti","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ર</span><b><span lang="GU" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: GU;">– Gujarati</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="PA" style="color: black; font-family: "Raavi","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ਰ</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Raavi; mso-bidi-language: PA;"> – Gurmukhi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="BN" style="color: black; font-family: BRHBen01; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">র</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: BRHBen01; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> –
Bengali </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: BRHBen01; mso-bidi-language: BN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="BN" style="color: black; font-family: "Vrinda","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ৰ</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Vrinda; mso-bidi-language: BN;"> –
Assamese</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Vrinda; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Vrinda; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">But as you travel south to Deccan, </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Vrinda; mso-bidi-language: BN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Vrinda; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Oriya, even though an IE language has an R letter that has
elements of a circle – </span><b><span lang="OR" style="color: black; font-family: BRHOri01; font-size: 22.0pt; mso-bidi-language: OR; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ର</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: BRHOri01; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: OR; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: BRHOri01; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: OR; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">The two principal languages of
Deccan</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: BRHOri01; mso-bidi-language: OR;"> …</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: BRHOri01; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: OR; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: BRHOri01; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: OR; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Telugu and Kannada have circular R letters – </span></b><b><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 26.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ర</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Gautami; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">and</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ರ</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">;</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> and Malayalam is very close - </span></b><b><span lang="ML" style="color: black; font-family: "Kartika","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ര</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIVNDnU-x4RPGvVp7JKs59quU9k7sMg0L9xcd0BZ1x3pzIl9IeCPpIeP4UxP_1mCjCgCelA1o6PvvtVUov745N0DAFGoF_zZ7gYa71IwcGRRg1Wh73-LYwR9tfm-xZOk1D_8uAhh6uzZeB/s1600/Spinning+Wheel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIVNDnU-x4RPGvVp7JKs59quU9k7sMg0L9xcd0BZ1x3pzIl9IeCPpIeP4UxP_1mCjCgCelA1o6PvvtVUov745N0DAFGoF_zZ7gYa71IwcGRRg1Wh73-LYwR9tfm-xZOk1D_8uAhh6uzZeB/s1600/Spinning+Wheel.jpg" height="198" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Vrinda; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Therefore, the circular R seems to
have more affinity towards South Indian scripts, a fact that had forced me to
look for possible conformities for wheel and cart beginning with the letter R
in Telugu. One word that came immediately to my mind is ‘<i>Rāṭnam’</i> (</span><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">రాట్నం</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Vrinda; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">) or Rāṭam
in Telugu. Rāṭnam means the spinning wheel and <i>Rangula</i> (Colourful) <i>Rāṭnam</i>
means Merry-go-round. The Tamil word ‘<i>Ural’</i> meaning the stone used for
wet-grinding had transformed into <i>Rōlu</i> (</span><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">రోలు</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Vrinda; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">)in
Telugu – a circular depression in stone in which another heavy stone is rotated
to crush wet grain, vegetable matter etc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Therefore the first syllable in the Tamil word for wheel ‘Urulai’, which
is common to many circular objects, can easily be seen as an R. </span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaNfpPJuHdruNXoOPDIiVKqwA1BOi-C8KAi2TxJi-OfUnR6Czfb5Zh8T7iZl_SaA6HPxa18ZrcmHzILGiDBxrsHBbkw6GXevU7ybbdVJn7JW_h3pBkinXMsj7rctSnubrcMEQb58o307_g/s1600/DSC_1171.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaNfpPJuHdruNXoOPDIiVKqwA1BOi-C8KAi2TxJi-OfUnR6Czfb5Zh8T7iZl_SaA6HPxa18ZrcmHzILGiDBxrsHBbkw6GXevU7ybbdVJn7JW_h3pBkinXMsj7rctSnubrcMEQb58o307_g/s1600/DSC_1171.JPG" height="214" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Vrinda; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><i>Rōlu</i> (</span><span lang="TE" style="color: black; font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">రోలు</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Vrinda; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">) from Neolithic Kupgal (circa 3000 BCE)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Vrinda; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">The root probably is a cattle rearing term from early
Neolithic. The ‘post’ to which an animal is tied with a long rope, leaving it
free to move and graze in a circular area, is called ‘RāDu’ or RāTa in rural
Telugu. Here we are talking about a term possibly used even before the
invention of wheel. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Vrinda; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">The IE <i>Ratha,</i> meaning carriage is probably derived
from this same root.</span><span lang="HI" style="color: black; font-family: "Vrinda","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
More and more I pondered over it, more and more her identification of
wheel sign for R, looked not only plausible but certain. Now assuming that the
wheel sign is R, I began examining the common occurrence of ‘Apostrophe’ sign
after the wheel. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Apostrophe </u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Sullivan reads the short strokes as number signs. In all probability her
reading is right. But in the word ‘Dvi’ the operative syllable is D, not Vi.
Further, Ravi is a common name in India only in very recent times, from the 19<sup>th</sup>
Century. We don’t find the name often in the king-lists of ancient and medieval
dynasties except that of an insignificant prince of Sauvira lineage who is
killed by a stray arrow of Arjuna, and another, one of the hundred sons of Dhritarāshtra.
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Surya, Aditya, Mārtanda are the earliest and often used designates of
Sun.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Therefore, the profusion of seals
with ‘Ravi’ name is unconvincing. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Then what is the meaning of the apostrophe?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Indian ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chandas’</i>, Science of Metrical Poetics, the long letter is called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dvi-mātra</i>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mātra</i> is the time taken for the drop of eyelid. A short syllable is
vocalized for the duration of a mātra. Whereas, a long letter called ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">deergha’</i> is uttered for two mātras.
Sullivan’s reading of ‘Dvi’ as a common diacritical mark will give us a value
for the compound – Wheel & Apostrophe – as Rā. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Next, I started looking for the commonest ‘R’ words. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>The Royal Letter</u></b></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; height: 288px; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right; width: 335px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS3rMLKPy4Alb-OJj27tagZAXzCs8eKzjHKRrKw14Q1xjBNkNUfWihTWHbjmkYc3sRVrKm0yfm6bzS62j0uWdM9TxKnMUm4P7yl4-joeTUNZOWQA5x9tgdhXlNXajCSn6Bp1UAIuSRzV2w/s1600/ranyo+asoka.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS3rMLKPy4Alb-OJj27tagZAXzCs8eKzjHKRrKw14Q1xjBNkNUfWihTWHbjmkYc3sRVrKm0yfm6bzS62j0uWdM9TxKnMUm4P7yl4-joeTUNZOWQA5x9tgdhXlNXajCSn6Bp1UAIuSRzV2w/s1600/ranyo+asoka.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> Ranyo Asoka (Kanaganahalli - 2nd Century BCE)</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
‘R’ always denoted royalty - <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Réges</i>. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The Indian designates of royalty – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rājanya</i>
– are <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rāja, Rāya, Rācha, RāTa, RāNa, Rōy </i>etc.
The earliest Brahmi inscriptions called the king ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rānyo’</i> as in the inscription on Asoka’s portrait freeze unearthed
at Kanaganahalli that calls him Rānyo Asōka. The other derivatives of the regal
R are <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">RashTra, Rājya</i> etc. If ‘R’
letter is commonly found in the Harappan milieu, it must have been used very
often with these above terms and not an uncommon ‘Ravi’. Further, a variation
of the apostrophe <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">with one long and one
short stroke, usually with a relatively long inscription of three or more signs,
also followed the wheel sign. Sullivan reads this sign as ‘Nta’ and derives a
meaning Rantu (= River) from Monier-Williams. I would prefer to read this sign
as a variant of the apostrophe and take only a diacritical value. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
If I read the compound Wheel & Apostrophe as Rā, my obvious next step
is to look for the signs that followed it. Where else to look for them, but
Sullivan’s ‘Dictionary’?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The most common signs that followed the
Rā compound – provided the values given by Sullivan are correct – give us the
following readings.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .5in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-insideh: 2.25pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: 2.25pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: .7in; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: .7in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.Ma</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">2. Ma</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">3. Ma</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">4. Ja</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: .4in; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: .4in; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">R</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ā</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Ma</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .4in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">R</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ā</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Ma</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .4in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">R</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ā</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Ma</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .4in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">R</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ā</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Ja</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: .7in; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: .7in; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">5. Cha</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">6. Ya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">7. Ku</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">8. Na</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: .4in; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: .4in; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">R</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ā</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Cha</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .4in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">R</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ā</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Ya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .4in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">R</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ā</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Ku</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .4in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">R</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ā</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Na</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: .7in; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: .7in; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">9. Na</span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">10. </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">N</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">a</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">11. A-</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Y</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">a</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">12. Ni</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">R</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ā</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Na</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .4in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">R</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ā</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Na</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .4in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">R</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ā</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> A Ya</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .4in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">R</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ā</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Ni</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">13. Sh</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">14. Ta</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">15. Ash</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgegUjVVsUL15o5m4p0lLjYgaTCUpsmfIg6XFkirir9qQ258jawb3pV04ZCs6Y80oxV-iIkJAmTWqISrhBtNI7IOhiW1jMJ3Gwfey94TRyxqE011mnJO0zqXHJ4jw3DGdy3T5QIk8Dou7nO/s1600/16.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgegUjVVsUL15o5m4p0lLjYgaTCUpsmfIg6XFkirir9qQ258jawb3pV04ZCs6Y80oxV-iIkJAmTWqISrhBtNI7IOhiW1jMJ3Gwfey94TRyxqE011mnJO0zqXHJ4jw3DGdy3T5QIk8Dou7nO/s1600/16.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">16. Pri</span></div>
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<tr style="height: .4in; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">R</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ā</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Sh</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .4in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">R</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ā</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Ta</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .4in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">R</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ā</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Ash</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .4in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.05pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">R</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ā</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Pri</span></div>
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</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The first three combinations read Rāma. The last one (16.Pri) is difficult
to read. Sullivan’s Dictionary has five inscriptions with this sequence. 13 to
15 indicate kingdom – R<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ā</span>sh, R<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ā</span>Ta and R<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ā</span>-ash. There are 12 sequences in which two long strokes
followed the Rā combination. And, all of them are in turn followed by the simple
fish sign except three, tempting me to ignore the intervening long strokes and
give a reading similar to Rāma. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The incidence of Rāma sequence makes me wonder if they indicate a single
individual. Puranas end each of the Yugas with the life of a hero –
incidentally all their names end with the suffix Rāma – Bhārgava Rāma, Rāma Dāsarathi
and Bala Rāma. Rāma probably was not a proper name but a royal designation akin
to Rājah. Then, why was a fish-sign more common than the three long strokes
with the value, ‘Ja’? </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Jhasha – The Mythical Fish</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #B2A1C7; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
There are 60 or more words in Sanskrit with
the letter ‘Jha’. Most of the words with initial Jh are onomatopoetic like Jhaṇjhan,
Jharjhara etc. However, the first ‘Jha-word’ in recorded literature is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jhasha</i> in Śatapatha Brāhmana. It is the
mythical fish that saved the first king and the seven seers from the great
flood. By the Ramayana period, the letters Jha and Ja are used interchangeably
and letter Jha fell into disuse. Probably, the fish sign had an initial value
of Jha and later the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Meena-Mastya</i>
words gave it the ‘Ma’ value. The morphological similitude between the letters –
Ma, Ya and Jha in various Brahmi derived scripts cannot go unnoticed. </div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">M</span></b></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .9in;" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Y</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.7pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">JH</span></b></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">SHH</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">HARAPPAN</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">(SULLIVAN)</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: .7in; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: .7in; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">BRAHMI</span></b></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" width="90"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">DEVA-</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">NAGARI</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="HI" style="font-family: BRHDev02; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">म</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 28.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="HI" style="font-family: BRHDev02; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">य</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="HI" style="font-family: BRHDev02; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">झ</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="HI" style="font-family: BRHDev02; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ष</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">BENGALI</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="BN" style="font-family: BRHBen01; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ম</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .9in;" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="BN" style="font-family: BRHBen01; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">য়</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.7pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="BN" style="font-family: BRHBen01; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ঝ</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="BN" style="font-family: BRHBen01; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> ষ</span></b><b><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: BRHBen01; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: BRHBen01;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="TE" style="font-family: BRHBen01; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: .7in; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: .7in; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ORIYA</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="OR" style="font-family: "Kalinga","sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: OR; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ମ</span></b><b><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .9in;" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="OR" style="font-family: "Kalinga","sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: OR; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ୟ</span></b><b><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.7pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="OR" style="font-family: "Kalinga","sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: OR; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ଝ</span></b><b><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="OR" style="font-family: "Kalinga","sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: OR; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ଷ</span></b><b><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: .7in; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: .7in; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">TELUGU</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">మ</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .9in;" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">య</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.7pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ఝ</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ష</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: .7in; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: .7in; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">KANNADA</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ಮ</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .9in;" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ಯ</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.7pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ಝ</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ಷ</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: .7in; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: .7in; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">TAMIL</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="TA" style="font-family: "Latha","sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ம</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .9in;" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="TA" style="font-family: "Latha","sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ய</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.7pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="TA" style="font-family: "Latha","sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ஷ</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: .7in; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: .7in; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">MALAYALAM</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="ML" style="font-family: "Kartika","serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">മ</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .9in;" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="ML" style="font-family: "Kartika","serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">യ</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.7pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="ML" style="font-family: "Kartika","serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ഝ</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="ML" style="font-family: "Kartika","serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ഷ</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: .7in; mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: .7in; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">GUJARATI</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: .7in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
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Some later scholar trying to decipher Rā-Jha might have misread the
spelling as Rāma and attributed it to individual proper names. The concocted
etymology of Rāma name, deriving it from the prayer mantras addressing Shiva
and Nārayana – both of a much later origin – only strengthens my view. (Reason for including Shha letter is due to its common occurrence after the Rā combination and its significance as a Regal designate in Persian).</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Conclusion</u></b></div>
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Harappan society was an urban civilization. If one goes by the tradition, –
from the Puranic to the Arthashastra – the cities are governed by the kings.
Most of the Harappan inscribed material is available on the seals with a
mercantile function – probably the name of the issuer, destination or content. It
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designations. </div>
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Finally, the effort and the novel path taken by Sue Sullivan are highly
commendable and I am sure most of the values – phonetic and symbolic – are accurate
and it is truly a major stride in the right direction in cracking the code that
has been eluding the scholars for more than a century. </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-3762275398680826062013-01-03T04:11:00.000+05:302013-01-03T04:49:00.521+05:30World’s most ancient ‘Piano’<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq4-Guyxiujrphq7Oj80QBtWoowDLHB2QZVVmggPnEZtCl2lFO0imGVZenCs3ucMG4E_I6hfvfWSgCfni-6rVE8Aul11yp0XYghvwdyZyjAhG7ehyphenhyphenH95SQAIEYqIrfp4W6Pel0H3IXfaER/s1600/P2030061.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: center;">
<u><span style="font-size: 22.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">World’s most ancient ‘Piano’</span></u></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: right;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">By Sai Papineni</span></u></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq4-Guyxiujrphq7Oj80QBtWoowDLHB2QZVVmggPnEZtCl2lFO0imGVZenCs3ucMG4E_I6hfvfWSgCfni-6rVE8Aul11yp0XYghvwdyZyjAhG7ehyphenhyphenH95SQAIEYqIrfp4W6Pel0H3IXfaER/s1600/P2030061.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq4-Guyxiujrphq7Oj80QBtWoowDLHB2QZVVmggPnEZtCl2lFO0imGVZenCs3ucMG4E_I6hfvfWSgCfni-6rVE8Aul11yp0XYghvwdyZyjAhG7ehyphenhyphenH95SQAIEYqIrfp4W6Pel0H3IXfaER/s1600/P2030061.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">With Linganna at Hiregudda</td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 5000
years ago, there was a village; probably one of the oldest in South India,
inhabited by husbandmen who drove large herds of cattle: some as large as a
thousand heads. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">It
was discovered in 1892 by modern man and was promptly forgotten until a team of
researchers from Canada, Europe and Karnataka rediscovered the site very
recently in 21<sup>st</sup> century. The site was well documented by an inter-disciplinary
team of scientists:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(148, 138, 84); text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nicole
Boivin University of Cambridge, Adam
Brumm Australian National University, Helen
Lewis University College Dublin, Dave
Robinson University of Bristol, Ravi
Korisettar Karnatak University - Sensual, material, and technological
understanding: exploring prehistoric soundscapes in south India, Journal of the Royal Anthropological
Institute (N.S.) <b>13</b>, 267-294
) © Royal Anthropological Institute 2007</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In
layman’s language, what they found was an exuberance of art and symbols, etched
on the top of a hillock. These pictures captured clues to the economic and
ritual lives of our ancestors who lived here on the slopes of that granite
outcrop.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #948A54; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 128; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">A
school of art called <i>Petroglyphs</i> ... for the common man ‘Rock Art’ would suffice.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioKnOt1c_SOR0w0pNuOPN029keKejFtfjKABbjZIWnoMgHNH2FONtI60nKaRbsIwrnMZQX3QHcHgmRmawUyiEDkX6sLkT14O3Gu7KJjcBFHbbx9YYnBAR8X02Ts_USyuUFqnAanA1lvH7F/s1600/P2030044.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioKnOt1c_SOR0w0pNuOPN029keKejFtfjKABbjZIWnoMgHNH2FONtI60nKaRbsIwrnMZQX3QHcHgmRmawUyiEDkX6sLkT14O3Gu7KJjcBFHbbx9YYnBAR8X02Ts_USyuUFqnAanA1lvH7F/s1600/P2030044.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Petroglyphs</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">My
primary object of interest was the marks left by them for their functional
usage instead of being pictorial mnemonics or recordings. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">These
were simple depressions in stone with a matted texture. </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">(Keep
the volume levels high when you open the file)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The enigma was solved by a resourceful
local man, Linganna: He called a boulder in the local vernacular: Bell Rock –
‘Ganta Kallu’. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I
noticed a good number of them on a Dolerite boulder adjacent to a natural
platform perched high above the hill overlooking the plains below. Probably, it
was a vantage for the lookouts and the ‘rock-gong’ was used as a signaling
devise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘In those days of yore, with
little invasion of automobile and mechanical decibels, the reverberating ‘gong’
of the rock must have been heard across the plains. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
some cultures, percussion played a role in rituals that were intended for shamans
to communicate with the supernatural world. Dr Nicole Boivin of the University
of Cambridge speculates that this could be the purpose of these stones. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The presence of such gongs was reported
from various sites in Africa and Europe: where usually they were slabs of rock
which were hit like a drum. Yet the rocks at this site gave characteristic
tones akin to musical notes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I Carried in my hand a quartzite ‘hammer
stone’ probably used in flint-knapping<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>by a primitive workman many thousands of years ago; which came in handy
when I came across this huge boulder - <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>must
weigh a few tons - with its edge jutting on to a platform of natural rock like
a piano board. The notches were in a row: 12 of them. I ran the hammer-stone,
about the size of a cricket ball, on those notches.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">And the result:</span></div>
<br />
<br />
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The piano rock
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com3Bellary, Karnataka, India15.206136525719694 76.99426300585935215.083581525719694 76.832901505859354 15.328691525719695 77.15562450585935tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-88089328457946000472012-12-31T23:38:00.000+05:302012-12-31T23:38:07.174+05:30RAPE & ARTHASHASTRA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: 24.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 19.0pt;">RAPE & ARTHASHASTRA</span><span style="font-size: 24.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 19.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 2.0pt 0in;">
<div class="underline">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="PadderBetweenControlandBody">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="color: white;">American media has been blaming the patriarchal
nature of Indian power structure for the crimes against women. It loses no
opportunity to show India in a bad light consistent with the general psyche of
a nation suffering from Indophobia. There is a certain amount of truth in it,
yes. But … Is it a characteristic of Indian society alone? </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="color: white;">Take for example, in
this world’s most advanced society a female intern succumbs to providing sexual
favors to the world’s most powerful man. The man continues to enjoy public
acclaim and even goes on to lead the campaign of a future incumbent. While the
woman is relegated to a quiet corner – a butt of lewd jokes. </span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0KRyHYJh-uE186ZWhL-aKbQ-Sv8HBMICXQQZTdPOCagLTbVW1ovUnDdE5ZT3DFNg6C7bGxYZOKDyrO_nH8UZrMN98p1jDvJccDmob32h8BGbCNP1UXQ9R4SS7hAAwVVRpE16hShT72pmq/s1600/Nirbhaya+RIP.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0KRyHYJh-uE186ZWhL-aKbQ-Sv8HBMICXQQZTdPOCagLTbVW1ovUnDdE5ZT3DFNg6C7bGxYZOKDyrO_nH8UZrMN98p1jDvJccDmob32h8BGbCNP1UXQ9R4SS7hAAwVVRpE16hShT72pmq/s1600/Nirbhaya+RIP.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white;">When Will They Be Without Fear?</span> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Empowering women had been a very recent phenomenon
in the societies that lay to the west of India. Here, the accent since the earliest
times had always been on protection as a means to empowerment. The gruesome
incident in the capital that stirred the nation’s conscience is not due to the
lack of empowerment but the failure of institutions meant for protecting the
citizens. </span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">From the historian’s perspective, India had a clear
punitive regime for the perpetrators of crimes against women and an adequate
organization to ensure its administration. Let us look at the provisions in
traditional jurisprudence that goes back to pre-Christian times. </span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: white;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Manu Dharma
Shastra on Rape</span></u></b></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The seminal law text of Indian antiquity prescribes
corporeal and capital punishment to those having sex with an unmarried woman
against her will. The text prohibits rape and gives no protection to the upper
castes as in the case of other crimes. The punishment is mutilation of fingers
even if it is committed against a slave or a bonded servant. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">You will see the recognition of the crime
as the basest and the privileges of birth and station cease the moment one
perpetrates the act. </b></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: white;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Arthashastra
on Rape</span></u></b></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Arthashastra, a treatise on Indian polity and
statecraft recognizes rape as a crime that requires very stringent action
against its perpetrators. Different punishments are prescribed for the crime
depending on the victim: Amputation of middle and index fingers for raping a
girl who had attained puberty, amputation of a hand if the girl had not
attained puberty and death if the girl dies as a result of the crime. In the case
of Gang Rape, even if the victim happens to be a prostitute, the punishment is
equally stringent to all those involved in the crime. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">If</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">one reads between the
lines, one can notice that the accent is on protecting the most susceptible.</b>
</span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Further, the treatise describes a large and
elaborate police and judiciary system. Significantly it delves heavily on an
efficient informant system to proactively protect civil life. Of course a large
portion deals with issues like espionage and rebellion, an equally large part addresses
protection of property and life of people. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Most
importantly, the treatise recognizes the common axiom – A Policeman is as good
as his informant system.</b> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The popular literature and folk tradition always
condemned the violators of woman’s ‘honour’ as villains and they were almost
always depicted as demonic aliens and the act received the severest punishment.
It was only since the middle-ages that rape is used as a political instrument
in conquered territories and a license given to the rulers to subdue the
subjects – a concept alien to India. But the civic life continued to be
dictated by the traditional law. Of course there are a few examples of despotic
lords wielding the power over the subject populations – of both sexes – with no
regard for their life or propriety. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">However, during the Islamic rule, the
traditional law was not applied to the ruling class. Unfortunately, the landed
gentry of rural India still carry the legacy of those times. Current
‘democratic’ polity is to a great extent made up by them and almost entirely
dependent on the numbers they mobilize. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The
cause is not the patriarchal nature of the society but a state of anomy that
pervades it.</b> </span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">On the surface, the cause appears to be a
consequence of the corrupt system with the police being a co-beneficiary. That
puts the blame squarely on the law enforcers as willing partners in the
perpetration of crimes against women. The media is shouting hoarse about the
inaction or positive connivance of police with the perpetrators. But do the
police have a choice?</span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The blame cannot be placed at the doorstep of the
police station but the failure of successive governments in building a sufficiently
large and responsive force. Today the same understaffed police institution is
responsible for internal security, crisis response, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bandobasts</i>, VIP security, political intelligence etcetera. If you
look at the schedule of a station house officer in your neighborhood, the
demands on his time and that of his force – if you still want to call that so –
leave him with absolutely no time for any proactive role in protecting the neighborhood
in his charge. Nature of his roster, unreasonable demands on his time, lack of
infrastructure and complete lack of transparency in performance evaluation and
reward system have lead to dilution of pride and basic values on which the
institution was built. There is no provision for developing a proper informant
network except in regions affected by insurgency and when there is a need for
political intelligence. And, the need for survival in the system has forced him
to evolve an alternate normative structure that looks away from his most
fundamental role in an organized society. No wonder, any demand for action in the
right direction elicits a belligerent response and even violence against those
who dared touch his dormant conscience. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">I am not stating something new. The Indian Police
Commission – gathering dust for decades – agrees with the above assessment and
its recommendations are very specific for the way forward. </span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">And, they are consistent with the traditional wisdom
that can be elicited from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Arthashastra</b>
that had successfully guided the leaders for centuries. </span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">What are they? </span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Stringent punishments aside, </span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Fundamentally, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“there
is an urgent need to increase the size of police force and a substantial
investment in improving the informant system with a clear focus on neighborhood
peace.”</b> </span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Then, why weren’t they implemented?</span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The singular reason given by successive governments is
the lack of fiscal resources. </span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">But…</span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">From the times immemorial the largest source of state
revenue had been the tax on agriculture. In a country as large as ours, the
largest contributor to GDP is not taxed. Here, I’m not talking about the
marginal farmer who will never reach the lowest tax slab. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">A reasonable demand on agricultural income is imperative
to bring in a rational tax regime and improve federal investment in the
basic services required in an organized society that is essential for the
success of India’s democracy. But will they, the landlords with large holdings
that influence the voting pattern and form the largest block of our legislating
bodies, allow it? </span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: white;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Only a
tax-payer will have interest in ensuring that his money is well spent. </span></b></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-67507092556601413652012-12-18T23:49:00.003+05:302012-12-19T00:30:50.444+05:30History of Indus Valley Civilization – A New Paradigm <div style="text-align: justify;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">History of Indus Valley Civilization – A New Paradigm</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">A Tribute to F. E. Pargiter</span></div>
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It is never too late – rather it’s timed to perfection – as a century
had passed since an Indian Civil Service officer that served as a judge in
Calcutta began writing this seminal work ‘Ancient Indian Historical Tradition’.
I sometimes wonder if the famed throne of Vikramaditya had somehow winded its
way to the erstwhile capital of British India and was mistakenly placed in one
of the judges’ chambers. The contributions made by these judges to the field
that they called Indology are significant and well known. One may criticize
that some of the fallacies that we are living with are entirely due to the
shallow observations made by these gentlemen in authority. Probably, there is a
kernel of truth in that. But one must also concede to their interest and
passion for the culture – so much at odds to their home. No doubt, if it is, it
is due to the fact that they belonged to a society with its well entrenched
prejudices and a system of scholarship that suited their world view. I have
delved heavily in my earlier post on the intellectual environment of those
times and the academic compulsions to toe the concept of Aryan Invasion coupled
with its timelines.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Any repetition is
unnecessary. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7uyLlelPLp77BnpMo0hwqaD-XLrNYYY32CFSyOJz-imXFl2PF3qR92Jt0GiW9lUKOOFQDgt1sEBR0zS_T9pnuyiJyHh0fwH4jJGeIi_p6fF4x4SOT8c_gYAuGJkCm-Zx9tj9Ql56auDxb/s1600/Pargiter's+Book.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7uyLlelPLp77BnpMo0hwqaD-XLrNYYY32CFSyOJz-imXFl2PF3qR92Jt0GiW9lUKOOFQDgt1sEBR0zS_T9pnuyiJyHh0fwH4jJGeIi_p6fF4x4SOT8c_gYAuGJkCm-Zx9tj9Ql56auDxb/s1600/Pargiter's+Book.jpg" height="400" width="242" /></a>But a word about the relevance of ‘Historic
Tradition’ may be apposite. While the Vedic compendia appealed to the early
scholars due to their cultural parallels to the classical occident, the Historical
and Epic texts – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Purāna</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Itihāsa</i> texts – failed to qualify.
Unfortunately, that is the only purposefully documented historical source
available that could throw light on the early civilization of the region. Like
any other historical document that falls in the hands of church, the puranic
and epic tradition is not immune to omissions and exaggerations. But the
compilers of these manuscripts have insisted that their purpose was to record
historical fact – and they believed that it was so. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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Judge Pargitar also believed so. His treatises –
three, I am able to lay my hands on – rather forcefully advocate the relevance
of this tradition in understanding the events that constituted the prehistory
of India, supported by immense research and pouring over a vast amount of –
often contradicting – evidence and of course, his astute observation and
judgment. He was aware of the puzzling data that failed to fit into the
established historical pattern as understood by the intelligentsia then, but
nevertheless recorded those for future academia to take knowledgeable call. But
that had not stopped him from venturing into a short narration of ‘Ancient
History from Tradition’ towards the end of his book, after an exhaustive survey
of the tradition – its genealogies, synchronisms and events. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: justify;">
Knowledge, it is not a constant. Today, after
hundred years of diametrically opposed views, expressed, argued and fought
over, we know that there had been no large invasion of those so called Aryan
hordes, and even if there was some folk migration and language transfer, it had
taken place well before the sixth millennium BCE as an aftermath of a new
subsistence mode called agriculture. Archaeology today is not the routine of a
bunch of greedy grave robbers but a methodical process with expanding horizons
assisted by a multitude of paleo-sciences and advances in analytical
techniques. Probably now, the time has come to merge the framework of
tradition, proposed by him, with the expanding archaeological data to draw some
inferences that may throw some much needed light on the earliest and most
expansive civilization. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: justify;">
I propose to do essentially that – I shall call
it ‘The New Pargiter Paradigm’ – as a tribute to that genius.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Old Paradigm:</span></u></b><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: justify;">
The puranic genealogies come in two separate
baskets. The list of kings from Manu to Mahabharata war form the first set
consisting of 95 generations. The other set is the list of kings of various
dynasties with an average of 26 generations from Adhisima-krishna, a descendent
of the heroes of the epic, to the ascension of Mahapadma Nanda – a historically
verifiable date – in 410 BCE. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: justify;">
At an average of 18 years for each of these 26
generations, the reign of Adhisimakrishna falls in 900 BCE and therefore, the
Mahabharata war sometime in 950 BCE. The archaeological context is nascent PGW
culture in upper Ganga basin – small agrarian communities subsisting on wheat
and barley with hardly any large urban habitations. If we add 30 generations of
interregnum between Mahabharata and Ramayana, the epic scene shifts to 1400 BCE
a period when there was absolutely no agrarian presence in Gangetic plains and
equally dismal scenario to the west of Sutlej. Now, add another 65 generations
to the beginning of kingship – 2600 BCE – and that will take us to the Mature
Harappan stage, provided we are open to consider Indus Valley region as a
possible seat for early Indian kingship. We may ignore the fact that the date
doesn’t account for a period of three centuries of growth and development of an
advanced urban civilization. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: justify;">
Conclusion is that this chronology doesn’t make
any sense or that our historical tradition has no factual basis but a bunch of
unconnected myths. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: justify;">
But, Pargiter had no choice. Any date before 9th
Century BCE for Mahabharata will not account for an Aryan invasion independent of
and after the Indus Valley Civilization. The earlier generations and events had
to be either truncated or shifted to a location beyond the subcontinent.
Nevertheless, he was aware of this anomaly and his arguments on the validity of
tradition are numerous and are in support of this contradiction than his own
chronological frame – which sounds like a weak justification. If he were to
have access to recent research, he would have fixed a more realistic framework,
I am sure.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiaKqNNiVClmjNmSQsEQw9GfQj7110NL3VEomK_n8_9z0fX-1uwsEcBPyL0Cs45-YFmSi73bOqCFv_vFggWQhvV-Jl68rRDwVUsYMhtAgrVnfduA5EaN14Jl9dsPBH6bcXR1dxZ7VbuJgI/s1600/PARGITER+GENEALOGIES.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiaKqNNiVClmjNmSQsEQw9GfQj7110NL3VEomK_n8_9z0fX-1uwsEcBPyL0Cs45-YFmSi73bOqCFv_vFggWQhvV-Jl68rRDwVUsYMhtAgrVnfduA5EaN14Jl9dsPBH6bcXR1dxZ7VbuJgI/s1600/PARGITER+GENEALOGIES.png" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The New Pargiter Paradigm</span></u></b><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: justify;">
Essentially it is a chronological shift. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: justify;">
The puranic tradition is unequivocal about the
date of Mahabharata war – a gap of 1050 years between the coronation of Nanda
and the event – taking the epic period to 1500 BCE. The date is consistent with
the radio-carbon dates of upper levels of Dwaraka before its submergence. That
is an archaeological correspondence of immense significance. Tradition is clear
about the submergence event to have taken place during the lifetime of the
heroes of the epic. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: justify;">
But, how do we explain the gap of four centuries
before the computed date for Adhisima-krishna? </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: justify;">
There are plenty of clues:</div>
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1. The theatre of war had been Kurukshetra
in the Upper Saraswati basin that is East Punjab and Haryana. The
Ghaggar-Drishadvati Valley had been the seat of the largest concentration of
Late-Harappan sites – 580 in number in circa 1500 BCE. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
2. Immediately after this period the culture
declined deteriorating into sporadic settlements with typical Ochre Color
Pottery (OCP). Tradition echoes this development, claiming the end of an era
and beginning of the Dark Age. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
3. For a period of seven centuries until the
arrival of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBP) sites in circa 700 BCE, we don’t
find any significant urbanization in the subcontinent. Tradition again has
explained this. Entire codification of puranas had taken place in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Naimisha</i> forest, without any royal
patronage. The post-brahmanaic literature, namely Aranyaka and early Upanishads
treatises were rendered in a similar context. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
4. Finally, the puranas are first recited in
urban context during the reign of Adhisima-krishna whose contemporaries include
Senajit of Magadh and Divakara of Ayodhya in middle-Gangetic basin – a shift of
focus to the east. By 800 BCE, the wheels of Second Urbanization are truly set
in motion. Another significant change in theme is the presence of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nāgas</i> as the chief adversaries to the
process of expansion. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
5. It is no wonder the newly emerging
kingdoms sought a natal connection with the traditional heroes to legitimize
their claims and began naming the new settlements and lineages after the
puranic and epic tradition. This shift is subtly but surely conveyed by the
change in tense of the historical tradition. Bhavishya Purana section lists the
kings after Adhisima-krishna in a manner of prediction of future generations
instead of factual past.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOmUUXIRF7J4F39hiqWMlSTbivTPTMcFY_4pqFu_vKWeYDyqNCWv8I5k_pyOMyDduxNEzltrxjJdTW2CONDcYuULgv4sWFyopWkJ0Hu1w1jQUoSGYbYKDOqlUo1Z3wa9IRcSjctIXZVE2V/s1600/Pargiter%2527s+Paradigm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOmUUXIRF7J4F39hiqWMlSTbivTPTMcFY_4pqFu_vKWeYDyqNCWv8I5k_pyOMyDduxNEzltrxjJdTW2CONDcYuULgv4sWFyopWkJ0Hu1w1jQUoSGYbYKDOqlUo1Z3wa9IRcSjctIXZVE2V/s1600/Pargiter%2527s+Paradigm.jpg" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Now that
we have a fix on the date of Mahabharata, the chronology of Indian Prehistory
would change radically to explain the most important phase of its past, namely
the Harappan Civilization within the ambit of Ancient Indian Historical
Tradition. This gives us an opportunity to verify and validate the synchronisms
arrived at by Pargiter under this new paradigm and may simultaneously provide a
perspective to the archaeological and epigraphical material from the period. </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: justify;">
Instead of delving anymore on the rationale, I
shall dive into the narration of names, events and contexts in a chronological
order … or do I say, simply … tell history? </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: justify;">
Let me start at the beginning …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">ANTECEDENTS </span></u></b><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>6363
BCE</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
What was the substratum? We have evidence of
Mesolithic cultures in Baluchistan, Sind, Saurashtra and the piedmont region
abutting Vindhyas. Upper Paleolithic cultures continued across the peninsula,
lower Himalayan piedmont and the hills of Jharkhand and Chattisgarh. The first
agrarian settlements began to appear south of Allahabad and the most crucial
developments occurred in the Zhob Valley. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
We have sufficient evidence today that the
language family spoken in the region (IE) was already present. Whether it was
an indigenous development or an arrival with the early agrarian communities of
Levant, is a matter of debate. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>4500
BCE</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
Agrarian settlements dotted entire length of
Indus-Saraswati Basin. There was evidence of copper mining in Rajasthan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Based on the current linguistic repertoire,
the primary language families in the agrarian areas are Indo European and
Mundic. Presence of Dravidian Group or a Proto Dravidian language is to be
established.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Emmer and Barley was the
staple in the flood plains. Millet farming continued in Saurashtra and Narmada
Valley. There was a discontinuity in rice cultivation in Vindhya belt. There
was Lapis Lazuli, Obsidian and of course cotton – probably wild still. Material
included mud bricks and wheel thrown pottery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Urbanization was nascent – large settlements in Mehrgarh, Balakot, Amri,
Kot Diji and the early levels of Harappa. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>TRADITIONAL
HISTORY</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
Into this backdrop let us introduce the names and
events …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
Our astrology points to 3120 BCE as the beginning
of Kali Yuga – the present age. But our analysis of puranic genealogies takes
the early kingship – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Manu</i> – to the
same period. It cannot be a coincidence. The date is remembered by the
traditional historians and was attributed to the latest age of their reckoning.
The date also is significant as it establishes the first evidence of contact
between the subcontinent and the West Asia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 18.0pt;">3120 BCE – The Flood</span></u></b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7uyLlelPLp77BnpMo0hwqaD-XLrNYYY32CFSyOJz-imXFl2PF3qR92Jt0GiW9lUKOOFQDgt1sEBR0zS_T9pnuyiJyHh0fwH4jJGeIi_p6fF4x4SOT8c_gYAuGJkCm-Zx9tj9Ql56auDxb/s1600/Pargiter's+Book.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhm_NVXATG164aY8U0QmJhyB2xxVMVRF9uyL7PcjUMGkB7O-6t2KJF3K-ZRC7ue2B249HfXEdOgZ3CFTu-3tkTEtQY1dd-l_ohvVjlpA544IZP0Ktxc94YP0IeZF0fHZclLQ6O46UThRGd/s1600/Gen1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhm_NVXATG164aY8U0QmJhyB2xxVMVRF9uyL7PcjUMGkB7O-6t2KJF3K-ZRC7ue2B249HfXEdOgZ3CFTu-3tkTEtQY1dd-l_ohvVjlpA544IZP0Ktxc94YP0IeZF0fHZclLQ6O46UThRGd/s1600/Gen1.png" /></a></div>
<br />
Note: Similarity between Nahusha and Biblical
Noah whose progeny populates the known world may be noticed. The stratigraphic date
of flood at Suruppak in Mesopotamia also falls around 3100 BCE. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
The king and priests from a foreign land are
repatriated to the land of their future. The kings were called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ikshvākus</b> with their capital at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ayodhya</b> – <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Harappa</b>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Issiwakkum</i> =
Governor (Old Akkadian). Then who are the overlords? Rigveda mentions a
parallel set of kings called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Asuras</b>.
They are the worshippers of the supreme God – <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Varuna</b>. A priest of Varuna called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Vasishta</b>, from Susa (Elamite Susa), the Golden Palace of Varuna, is
reborn in a vessel and becomes the house priest of Iksvakus, governors of the
land; while his twin, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Agastya</b>
becomes the priest of the seaboard region. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
Elamite becomes the administrative language of
the region, while the indigenous population with their matriarchal legacy and a
IE tongue, continue to rule from their stronghold near the confluence of three
rivers – Sindhu, Sarayu and Saraswati (Kot Diji) – called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pratishtana</b>. True to their matrilineal heritage, they claim descent
from Ilā a daughter of the first king. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
The administrative language – <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vāc</i></b>
– is predominantly Elamite strongly influenced by IE in upper basin and Mundic
in Gujarat and coast. Two distinct indigenous subject populations arise in this
milieu – <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Purus</b>, the city dwellers
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Yadus</b>, the nomadic shepherds. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
The third complex is the port-island colonizers (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Divi</b>) with their predominantly foreign
population (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Asura</b> – <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dāsa</b> – <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pani</b>) imposing their coercive economy over the native
hunter-gatherer tribes (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sabaras</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gandharvas</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dāsas</b>), who spoke the native Mundic languages. The language of
these colonizers becomes the spring of later Dravidian tongues. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
Puranic accounts and the RigVeda hymns support
the coercive regime of the Asura overlords and their Pani merchants and an
increasing resentment amongst the native peoples.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 18.0pt;">2900 – 2600 BCE – The Struggle and Exile</span></u></b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmoKFz4oYOnU94OYtRPNW3Sl7sE66ElVzNBPKWxeELvEr_6bD2IvFEYcNLbbrkCvznkc696HXmspBtgoRaVHpZ9LU9QyMsa5GTNCzBq9zIvdZpz2etzQgGnYmMzRdjzuXcHzZKruRrpGub/s1600/Gen2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmoKFz4oYOnU94OYtRPNW3Sl7sE66ElVzNBPKWxeELvEr_6bD2IvFEYcNLbbrkCvznkc696HXmspBtgoRaVHpZ9LU9QyMsa5GTNCzBq9zIvdZpz2etzQgGnYmMzRdjzuXcHzZKruRrpGub/s1600/Gen2.png" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7U01Q3NLqgAfkAwGjZD7hFOcANSV7VL7RwMH6y33nyEhjbz0Zv0aRho0qNmduwPg2rFScTZrPCbFvJWdWwcLRk3wL5G-iDphYB49fINkcyHOXjr1l54FLeD4Go9M_rvwAbLoe9DtSwpdR/s1600/Gen3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
We have many legends and stories associated with
the kings that figure above. First let me attempt decoding the ‘<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Legend of Dhundumāra’</b>. Kuvalayāsva, an
Ishvaku receives the Sword of Varuna and kills Dhundhu – the story narrates the
suppression of indigenous Pauravas of Pratishtāna (Kot Diji) by the Governors
of Ayodhya as mandated by their Asura overlords. It is the phase of consolidation
of Asura Empire over entire valley. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Vajrānga</b>
is remembered as the last benevolent Asura. After the fall of Pratishtana a new
city is built across the river with new Governing elite. The city was called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kāsi</b> after <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kasa</b> or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Varuna-Asuri</i>
(Mohenjo Daro) – The Seat of the Lord of the World. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
Local resentment against the descendents of Vajrānga
leads to a rebellion. Native tribes – still in their Paleolithic milieu are
inducted and a native army is created – it is called Deva-Sena or simply Devas
and their general defeats <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tāraka</b>.
But retaliation is quick. The Asuras establish three defensive outposts – <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tripuras</b> – in the three sub-regions.
Ishvakus are exiled. Resistance moves to Kāsi. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Divodāsa</b> rallies his forces with the exiled king of Ayodhya, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Purukutsa</b> (Note the Paurava connection
in his name). A new syncretic Godhead is created out of existing local cults
(Vasus – Vāsava; Murukan – Warlord) – <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Indra</b>
arrives.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sambaras</b>
lose, but temporarily.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
Note: The name Sambara figures very prominently at
different points of time. It is not a proper name, but a designation of
Asura-Sabara complex which evolves later into the Habira-Abhira-Ophir-Hebrew complex
of words.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 18.0pt;">2600 – 2400 BCE - The Empire</span></u></b><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7U01Q3NLqgAfkAwGjZD7hFOcANSV7VL7RwMH6y33nyEhjbz0Zv0aRho0qNmduwPg2rFScTZrPCbFvJWdWwcLRk3wL5G-iDphYB49fINkcyHOXjr1l54FLeD4Go9M_rvwAbLoe9DtSwpdR/s1600/Gen3.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7U01Q3NLqgAfkAwGjZD7hFOcANSV7VL7RwMH6y33nyEhjbz0Zv0aRho0qNmduwPg2rFScTZrPCbFvJWdWwcLRk3wL5G-iDphYB49fINkcyHOXjr1l54FLeD4Go9M_rvwAbLoe9DtSwpdR/s1600/Gen3.png" /></a> Resistence of Kāsi doesn’t continue for long. The
Ishvāku kings remain in captivity at least until <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Harischandra</b>. An unsuccessful attempt by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Trisanku</b> to gain ground in the lower riparian region is scuttled.
Meanwhile a new naval power of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Haiheyas</b>
with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tālajhanghas</b> (High Masts -
river galleys with thousand oars – probably a little exaggerated) under the
leadership of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Arjuna Kārtavirya</b>
overruns the capital, Kāsi. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
The priests of the empire become the focus of
resistance. A young prince of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kanyākubja</b>
on Drishadvati (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kalibangan</b>), <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Viswamitra</b> joins forces with the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bhārgavas</b> – priests of the Asuras.
Together the clan of Bhārgavas successfully pushes Haiheyas back with the help
of underwater missile (torpedoes) called Horse-heads designed by Aurva. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bhārgava Rāma</b> is the chieftain that
guides the Ishvakus against native resistance of Haiheyas and Sambaras. It is
interesting to note his other name – <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Parasu
Rāma</b>, the wielder of battle axe – in view of the fact that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Parasu</b> is the ancient name of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Iran</b>. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
The final blow is dealt by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sagara</b> who extends the Ishvaku Empire from the headwaters to sea. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 18.0pt;">2500 – 2200 BCE – Crisis & New Foci</span></u></b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhouGYDmNloW5G7Maom1-eNNxzvZJx8YeTVMDZ8zLuNz1ykwBtHEz_bdOQ6bB3S7fpv0LXFsFJybxzpDY3Rql3-ZEMkx78AhQLV_Dj9rpd11ryM3eiWIBvMYUdAP9AD5ywALGDkBzqBE2Ex/s1600/Gen4.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhouGYDmNloW5G7Maom1-eNNxzvZJx8YeTVMDZ8zLuNz1ykwBtHEz_bdOQ6bB3S7fpv0LXFsFJybxzpDY3Rql3-ZEMkx78AhQLV_Dj9rpd11ryM3eiWIBvMYUdAP9AD5ywALGDkBzqBE2Ex/s1600/Gen4.png" /></a></div>
Post Sagara period is called Treta Yuga. The
empire of Ishvakus is at its height, stretching from mouths of Sindhu and Saraswaati
to the Himalayan Piedmont. The lords of Kāsi (Mohenjo Daro), <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Videha</b> (Ganheriwala), <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kekeyas</b> (Banwali) and Yādavas of
Saurashtra / Malwa come under uniform administration. The civilization is at
its mature stage. Trade with West Asia and control of seasonal cattle movement
between Peninsular India and the empire continued with Yādava feudatories. Yādavas
begin adopting some of the legacy of Asuras. In Mesopotamia, Sumerian Kingdom
collapses and the new masters, Akkadians take over with new cultural inputs
from Mediterranean seaboard. Earlier coercive regime of Asuras is replaced by negotiated
trade. Quality of life of common citizens improves significantly. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
The period is marked by one of the greatest
riparian crises. Satudri (Sutlej), the principal tributary of Saraswati shifts
its course westwards causing widespread floods of Indus, inundating Kāsi
(Mohenjo Daro), while the lower flood plains of Saraswati suffer from weakened
annual flood, shrinking the cultivable land. 65,000 subjects of Sagara are
repatriated towards the upper basin. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kanyākubja</b>
(Kalibangan) becomes the focus of this large immigrant population. Sagara’s
imperial administration embarks on a large irrigation / drainage project –
revival of the river by diverting the waters of Sutlej to the shrinking stream
of Saraswati. The project takes four generations to complete and during the
reign of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bhagiratha</b> the old course
is revived. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Viswamitras</b>
of Kanyakubja support the building of a new city on the western branch of
Yamuna-Drishadvati with a new leadership – a dispossessed prince of Druhyu
lineage called Dushyant. The new settlement raises a new priesthood with a
large element of indigenous beliefs, – human sacrifice, fire altars and large
scale slaughter of cattle – <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bharadhvajas</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Angirases</b>. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
Conflict with the priestly establishment of
Vasishtas who carry the Bhārgava legacy is inevitable.<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 18.0pt;">2200 – 2000 BCE – Rise of Bharatas and End of an Era</span></u></b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0KQOhhzGTT4je5_QtZTV91mRxmhYI6wdH5QCA8P2PHrpGon5n2_jUfg1RjGExXOg5WLVp80rKUD9VZDQ24SYg5onNHj7mCTrDHzm0yoA-5Ngme0M8LYCRCEpac6Ko7aujnLLL2zfaftlR/s1600/Gen5.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0KQOhhzGTT4je5_QtZTV91mRxmhYI6wdH5QCA8P2PHrpGon5n2_jUfg1RjGExXOg5WLVp80rKUD9VZDQ24SYg5onNHj7mCTrDHzm0yoA-5Ngme0M8LYCRCEpac6Ko7aujnLLL2zfaftlR/s1600/Gen5.png" /></a></div>
The last phase of Treta Yuga is marked by the
rise of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bharatas</b> with a shift of geographical
focus away from Ayodhya. The vanguard of this movement is Viswamitra, who is
also the progenitor of the Bharata lineage. Even the Ishvakus reject the Bhārgava
priests and a hundred of Vasishta clan is slaughtered on the banks of Sarayu
near Ayodhya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
The Yādavas in lower Sindh and Gujarat become
independent. They start assuming Asura designations – <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sakuni</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Madhu</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Andhaka</b> etc. – a legacy of the past.
There is an overall devolution of Ishvaku authority. A new capital is built by
Madhu in eastern Gujarat called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mathura</b>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
With the access to trade route blocked the
civilization of upper basin declines. The city of Kāsi (Mohenjo Daro) comes to
an end and a skeletal settlement survives for a few generations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
The last king of the Ishvaku lineage, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rāma</b> is dispossessed by a Bharata
claimant to the throne. During exile he joins forces with indigenous tribes and
reclaims the trade links to the Gulf of Cutch by taking control of trading
post, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lanka</b> (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dholavira</b>) under the administration of a Palestine (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Paulastya</b>) ruler from Akkad/Canaan, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rāvana</b>. Period of Rāma is remembered as
the most glorious phase, Rāmarājya, and is sprinkled with instances of two
kinds – revival of settlements that fell into bad times (Stories of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ahalya</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tātaka</b> etc.) and extension of civilized way of life to those beyond
its pale (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Vānaras</b>). This revival is
only temporary and the era ends with his reign. </div>
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Remnants of the civilization survive in
Drishadvati Valley (Bharatas) and Saurashtra/Kutch region (Yādavas) to continue
the legacy. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 18.0pt;">2000 – 1500 BCE – The Last Straw</span></u></b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQfGkhinekDSS8k9Rc_KvQK9T3QJ7L8H87TU_PEZ_i1H3uheuLkfmvcL2-8PSh0ZclsyCuJRmWWXEHTs29VMZYlZ1yGhlLci15Ft7-WBtrmKoWySEkN-mEQiTVdSBeIcaGgh-7-cpMG-3N/s1600/Gen6.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQfGkhinekDSS8k9Rc_KvQK9T3QJ7L8H87TU_PEZ_i1H3uheuLkfmvcL2-8PSh0ZclsyCuJRmWWXEHTs29VMZYlZ1yGhlLci15Ft7-WBtrmKoWySEkN-mEQiTVdSBeIcaGgh-7-cpMG-3N/s1600/Gen6.png" /></a></div>
The Late Harappan phase coincides with the Age of
Devolution in the tradition – Dvāpara Yuga. The genealogies do not say much
except a proliferation of smaller kingdoms and decentralized power. Efforts to
consolidate the empire begin towards the end of the age with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bhishma</b> a general of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kurus</b> and a young prince called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pāndu</b>. But almost immediately, conflict
ensues from within. </div>
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The descendents of the general, Pāndu, join
forces with a neighboring chiefdom, Pānchalas and challenge the authority of
the main Kuru line. The war that ensues is immortalized in the memory, finally
ending in the extinction of imperial authority. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Aswaddhāma</b>, a Bharadwaja and Nāga incarnate, is credited with the
final extermination of Kuru lineage. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
The Yādavas come under a new indigenous influence
spearheaded by a folk Godhead – <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Krishna</b>.
The imperial Yādavas that carried Asura heritage come to an end with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kamsa</b>. Dwaraka, the new capital of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Andhakas</b> becomes the focus of southern
group. With the end of Dwaraka and the mercantile nature of the Yādavas, the
tribe starts spreading towards the river valleys to the east. Iron and new rice
cultivation technology aids its rapid progress evidenced by the spread of Black
and Red (BRW) cultures. Legends of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Balarāma</b>
(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sankarshana</b>) are indicative of
Yamuna changing its course eastward and incorporation of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nāgas</b> who probably had their origins in the Megalithic cultures of
Deccan and Central India with their control on Iron Ore producing regions. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 18.0pt;">1400 – 900 BCE – Survival</span></u></b><br />
<br /></div>
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The civilization comes to an end with its
remnants surviving in small hamlets of subsistence farming and herding,
surrounded by the forest – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Naimisha</i> –
in the Painted Gray Ware (PGW) context. But this is one of the most
intellectually fertile phases of history. The ritual Brahmanism gives way to
speculative <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aranyakas</i> (Treatises from
Forests) and the philosophy of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Upanishads</i>.
The memories from bardic traditions are codified and consolidated. But due to
the lack of royal patronage, the tradition died, to be revived centuries later
with the rise of kingship. </div>
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Spread of iron plough, transplanting of rice in
river valleys, millet cultivation in dry lands and improvements in breeding and
herding practices increases surplus. Rise of new urban centers, kingship and
demand for iron and other raw material result in conflict with Nāgas. This is
evidenced by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sarpayāga</i> in the opening
chapter of Mahabharata conducted by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Janamejaya</b>,
a descendent of the epic heroes.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(229, 184, 183); text-align: justify;">
Rise of kingship revives the historic tradition
and the tone of puranas becomes futuristic with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bhavishya Purana</i>. The claims of emerging kingdoms result in the
glorification of puranic lineages and epic tradition evolves. With the true
Iron Age, India enters the early historic phase.</div>
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<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Conclusions</span></u></b><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: justify;">
The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Yuga</b>
calendar – Puranas divide the past into ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">yugas’
</i>– progressively deteriorating phases. They closed ‘the time’ sometime after
the Mahabharata war until they rebooted the calendar during the reign of Adhisimakrishna.
Each of the Yugas end after the career of a certain Rāma – <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Parasu Rāma</b>’s annihilation of Tālajhaghas marks the end of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Krita Yuga</b>; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rāma Dāsarathi</b>’s victory over Rāvana and his passing away marks the
end of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Treta Yuga</b>; and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Balarāma</b> diverting the course of Yamuna
and the submerging of Dwāraka ends <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dvāpara</b>.
Unfortunately, instead of kick-starting a new cycle they continued linearly and
called the future – <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kaliyuga</b>, the
last phase of the earlier age. But the Kali Yuga as they knew was inexplicably
long. Already, more than five centuries (1500 to circa 900 BCE) have past after
the earlier age – Dvāpara. Therefore, it becomes inevitable for them to invent
abnormally long reigns for the kings of the past to expand the past yugas to
match or exceed the length of Kali Yuga. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: justify;">
Secondly, the name <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rāma</b> – this seems to be a designation rather than being a proper
name. The etymology given in Rāmāyana for the name is of doubtable logic. The
letters <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">‘Ra’</b> from Vaishnavite
tradition, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aum Namō Nā<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rā</b>yanāyah</i> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">‘Ma’</b> from Shaivaite <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aum Na<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mah</b> Sivāyah</i> – both these mantras
are of a later origin. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ra</b> is easy to
deduce with its regal connotations. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ma</b>
has always been a metronymic suffix as in Uma, Sarama, Ruma, Halima, Salma etc.
This gives us reason to speculate on feminine sanction to leadership. In case
of Ailas – Bharatas, it is understandable. But the Ishvakus and Bhrigus have a
strong patrilineal descent system. Deciphering of Harappan script may help us
with some clues.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: justify;">
Thirdly, and most importantly, the period between
2800 BCE to 2000 BCE, that is, from Divodasa to Rama coincides with advanced
stage of Harappan civilization. The ‘tradition’ throws up a significant number
of proper names and designations of royal and priestly lineages of this period.
These may help in understanding the phonetic values assigned to symbols.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: justify;">
Finally, the chronology is not sacrosanct. It is
based on an approximate value of 18 year per generation. We may need some
external evidence to fix the dates more accurately. There is a probable synchronism
between Sumerian Enmerker and Sagara – looks very plausible on the surface and
the date of mid third millennium for Gilgamesh legend matches closely with our
date for Sagara – 2472 BCE. If the dates of Enmerker are pushed closer to 3000
BCE, then the entire chronology of Puranas needs to be pushed back by 500
years. A single correspondence with unverified external dates may not be
adequate to force it. But, if evidence is strong, then it must be done.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: justify;">
The presentation above in the form of a concise
history is only aimed at stating the relevance of Indian Traditional Histories
in understanding Proto-historic archaeology of the subcontinent. The dates are
based on the assumptions and synchronisms arrived at by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pargiter</b>. I have restrained my temptation to make changes here and
there in order to stick to the table as given by him. What we see here is that
broadly various phases of historic tradition tend to fit into the
archaeological data available. Certainly a reason to celebrate the efforts of F
E Pargiter, who gave this framework exactly hundred years ago!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: center;">
Thanks </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: center;">
SAI PAPINENI</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(194, 214, 155); text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-67332494001689064992012-12-05T23:40:00.000+05:302012-12-06T00:51:41.151+05:30Mahabharat Times<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(82, 125, 85); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<u><span style="font-size: x-large;">Mahabharat Times</span></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Continuation of Jambudwipa Series</span></div>
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Compared to Ramayana, which is a simple story of adventure of a prince in
exile, Mahabharata is a story of generations of kings encompassing many
dynasties and regions with encyclopedic detail. To restrict it to a limited
geographical context is an extremely difficult exercise. Yet, attempts were
made, and the most popular one is its identification with the Painted Grey Ware
cultures of Upper Ganges Basin as the central stage of the epic.<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfHboespql_P-eR6bHWZegiSWoDvd0bhkMCUlMg4oIDYeX10R2HoLZ7XvQqZCXwlzO1IAXbVgS6B7FcKS3x3ZAkthfikTthQ1EekAgPQ5grP_tozR7XTQ3e6drJ72GrUHLNV297QMPyzC0/s1600/Problem+of+Times.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfHboespql_P-eR6bHWZegiSWoDvd0bhkMCUlMg4oIDYeX10R2HoLZ7XvQqZCXwlzO1IAXbVgS6B7FcKS3x3ZAkthfikTthQ1EekAgPQ5grP_tozR7XTQ3e6drJ72GrUHLNV297QMPyzC0/s1600/Problem+of+Times.jpg" /></a></div>
</div>
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Central to this geographical context is the capital city, of feuding
cousins in the principal story, </div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(82, 125, 85); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><i>Hastināpura. </i></b></span></div>
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A site near Meerut was excavated by Prof. Lal in early fifties. Majority
scholars are of the opinion that it is the same as Hastinapur, the capital city
of Kurus in Mahabharata. Fortunately, it is one of the sites where proper
archeological method was followed and the sequence of occupation over long
period – from 1300 BCE to the 15th century CE – is established. See table.</div>
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</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ5bRWYmk6rLk3VmlunCy1CIq_LvbHjDnYXH5rA11oOQknhIUY-wNIaWxzdFBq07IDaxy36bPHDT7ipQyt50UBm5FaQJpikvYxN2xVqAmi8Dvs3rhUwc1NVx2jyy2-qpBBEBdN7sZee7-z/s1600/Hastinapura+-+Periods.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ5bRWYmk6rLk3VmlunCy1CIq_LvbHjDnYXH5rA11oOQknhIUY-wNIaWxzdFBq07IDaxy36bPHDT7ipQyt50UBm5FaQJpikvYxN2xVqAmi8Dvs3rhUwc1NVx2jyy2-qpBBEBdN7sZee7-z/s1600/Hastinapura+-+Periods.jpg" /></a></div>
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</div>
If the above hypothesis of PGW context is correct, the Mahabharata battle
should have had taken place towards the end of that period that is 800 BCE. Our
tradition maintains that Vedavyasa, who had codified the Vedic lore into four
distinct compendia, belonged to the same period. Max Muller’s sequence of 200
years per each literary tradition until the birth of Buddhism conveniently fits
in.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(82, 125, 85); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Pre 800 BCE<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Vedic Period</div>
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800 – 600 BCE<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Brahmanic Period</div>
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600 – 400 BCE <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Upanishadic Period</div>
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<br /></div>
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Pargiter’s examination of Puranas had thrown up some very strong arguments
against this conventional chronology. But he belonged to late 19<sup>th</sup>
and early 20<sup>th</sup> Century, a fact that had forced him to fit the data –
he so painstakingly collated – into a chronology agreed by majority.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyvfJLz50jZkzOD1ymHk2BG-MO7aZUEAw-GfrV4hVvbk62w4CwmeqAOSSDta6vGQ6kijyB6bryLtRlXW7tNnvQDSXvX69kVmf67vZZXsm-41oGWNi6gdE1XMhFb5IGV55Du0J9WudGp2Jw/s1600/Aryan+Compulsion.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyvfJLz50jZkzOD1ymHk2BG-MO7aZUEAw-GfrV4hVvbk62w4CwmeqAOSSDta6vGQ6kijyB6bryLtRlXW7tNnvQDSXvX69kVmf67vZZXsm-41oGWNi6gdE1XMhFb5IGV55Du0J9WudGp2Jw/s1600/Aryan+Compulsion.jpg" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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His
inferences have left more unanswered questions than settling the matter. Nevertheless
he had to agree – though reluctantly – to a date of 2200 BCE or earlier for the
beginning of Puranic tradition. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Therefore, it can only be counterproductive if we continue to delve on
conventional chronology given in our text books. </div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Aryan Invasion is a closed chapter in our historiography.</b></div>
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<b>Our Ancient Indian Historical Sources – Puranas and Epics – have adequate
data to reconstruct India’s prehistory.</b></div>
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<b>Our challenge is not to be carried away to make religious brownies but to
anchor the tradition in verifiable archaeological fact.</b><u><b><br /></b></u></div>
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<br />
<u><b>A date
is given…</b></u></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #527D55; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themeshade: 191; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Mahapadma abhisekatstu</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">yavaj janma<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pariksitah</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">evam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>varşa-sahasram tu</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">jneyam <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pancadasuttaram</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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1050 years have passed</div>
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between birth of Parikshit</div>
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and</div>
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coronation of Mahapadma</div>
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<br /></div>
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Puranas also say that Nandas ruled for 90 years and were replaced by
Chandragupta Maurya. Chandragupta, known in Greek sources as Sandrocottus, came
to power in 321 BCE.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Therefore, Parikshit
was born in 321 + 90 + 1050 = 1461 BCE. As per the epic and puranic tradition,
Parikshit is posthumous son of Abhimanyu, who died in the Great War. That takes
the main story of Mahabharata to circa 1500 BCE.<br />
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Now let us look at the genealogical table of Bharata lineage. The table
shows the list of kings between the close of Treta Yuga, marked by the story of
Ramayana, to the end of Dwapara Yuga, marked by the Mahabharata. The capital,
Hastinapura was built by Hasti, an ancestor of the heroes of the epic who
reigned 20 generations before the war. Taking an average of 18 years per
generation, considering factors related to a declining civilization, we may
conclude that the capital was founded around 1850 BCE. See table.<br />
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If you look at the archaeological sequence of Hastinapura excavated by Prof.
Lal, there is a thin layer of Pre 1200 BCE before one reaches the natural soil.
This earliest level consisted of sporadic occupations with the presence of
Ochre Colored Pottery. OCP is seen as a degenerate continuation of Late
Harappan style by many. Even if it is an independent style, archaeological
continuity at many sites is noted. Whereas, Painted Grey Ware always occurred
after a short gap in occupation or presence of Black and Red pottery in between.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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Therefore, the site Hastinapura excavated by Prof. Lal <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cannot be the city in Mahabharata. It is
probably a settlement that came into existence a few centuries after the
original city was destroyed by floods. This original capital must have been
somewhere to the west-northwest of the doab. There are more than 563 candidates
that show Late-Harappan occupation between Sutlej and Yamuna in the time
bracket 1900-1400 BCE. The easternmost site being Alamgirpur – 30 miles to the
west of Ganges – the capital cannot be further east. </div>
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This brings us to the
possibility that the city belonged to a period when Yamuna was still flowing
westward into <b>Drishadvati valley</b>, course of erstwhile Saraswati or commonly
called Ganga as a remembrance of its past glory. So the city of Hastinapura,
was in the environs of the region currently known as Kurukshetra – the Land of
Kurus – where the battle had taken place. </div>
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<b><u>Let us look at the simple logic. </u></b></div>
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If Point A is the capital of the kingdom
and the Point B is a city of the challenger, the battle for possession of
capital can only take place between A and B and not a place away from both. </div>
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The
present identification of Hastinapur falls between the Panchala capital,
Ahicchatra and the battlefield Kurukshetra. So it is reasonable to assume that
the capital of Kurus was on the Drishadvati valley when a large volume of
Yamuna headwaters still flowed into it. </div>
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You may ask, <b>“Why the Drishadvati Valley?”</b></div>
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<b><i>Archaeologically speaking, the largest concentration of Late-Harappan
sites – 563 by the latest count – is between Sutlej and Yamuna with Drishadvati
at its center.</i></b></div>
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<b><i>Secondly, Viswamitra, the progenitor of Bharata race, The Bull of Bharatas
(Bharata-Rishabha) has his wife Drishadvati, indicating a connection. I have
indicated in my earlier post <span style="font-size: x-small;">(<a href="http://saipapineni.blogspot.in/2012/11/geography-of-ramayana.html">Geography of Ramayana</a>)</span> a possible connection between Kekeya region
and the rise of Bharatas.</i></b></div>
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<b><i>Thirdly and most importantly, the legend of Balarama associated with the
destruction of Hastinapura.</i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">BALARAMA <span style="font-size: large;">...</span> BLACK & RED WARE ... IRON </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">RICE CULTIVATION ... END OF
HARAPPAN ERA </span></div>
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Mahabharata and most of the principal puranas relate this story. </div>
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Balarama, angered by the abduction of his son, Samba, threatens to destroy
the Elephant City. He wields his plough and makes a furrow drawing the waters
of Yamuna away from the city. This indicates a riparian migration of the
headwaters of Yamuna away from Drishadvati valley to its current channel. This
had happened towards the end of Late-Harappan phase, hastening its end. </div>
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We know that this archaeological phase was followed immediately by the BRW
phase from circa 1400 BCE. Black and Red pottery is associated with the sites
of Gujarat and Malva before its spread to the Gangetic basin. The culture has
strong association with rice as its staple. BRW phase heralded the widest
spread of agrarian cultures to the east and south of the subcontinent. Rice
cultivation involves transplantation of seedlings and Balarama’s another name
is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sankarshana</i> – meaning ‘Transplant’
or ‘Transplanter’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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Further, BRW culture is strongly identified with Yadavas. Puranic
genealogies indicate a short tenure of Yadavas operating out of Hastinapura
immediately following the Great War. Atharva Veda deride the users of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nila-Lohita</i> (Black & Red) pottery as
inferior people. Both puranic and epic tradition of Bharatas confirms that its
compilation had taken place not in the cities but in the hermitages in Naimisha
forest, indicating separation from mainstream civilization after the war.</div>
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All these indicate a disruption in the Bharata line after the Mahabharata.
Attempts later at connecting the ruling lineage of Kāmpilya with the
protagonists of Mahabharata legend had taken place during the reign of <b>Adhisima
Krishna</b>, who claimed his descent from its heroes. See table.</div>
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His name – Adhisima-<b>Krishna</b> – suggests a final reconciliation of Yadava
and Bharata lines and the incorporation of Yadava heroes into the epic. </div>
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Puranas make Adhisimakrishna a contemporary of <b>Senajit of Magadha</b> and
<b>Divakara of Ayodhya</b> in the east, bringing the middle Gangetic basin into
civilization orbit coinciding with the establishment of early BRW and PGW centers
there leading up to the Second Urbanization. </div>
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<b>So what was the original Hastinapura, the celebrated Elephant City? </b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Is it Banawali or Rakhigarhi? Both are large enough to qualify. </div>
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Since
Rakhigarhi probably falls on late Yamuna-Drishadvati course, </div>
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<br /></div>
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I shall cast my
vote on<b> Rakhigarhi </b>… until further evidence. </div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-1734578277245621462012-11-14T23:53:00.003+05:302012-11-15T00:09:10.385+05:30Geography of Ramayana<!--[if !mso]>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Geography
of Ramayana</span></u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Continuation of
Jambudwipa Series</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Harappan Civilization lasted for a millennium from mid third to early second
before the current era. The first phase saw the integration of the core area
into a uniform empire with very little regional variations in spite of a number
of major urban foci. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Harappa, Banvali,
Rakhigarhi, Kalibangan, Ganerivala</b> in the upper valley of the twin-rivers;
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mohenjo Daro, Chanhudaro, Dholavira,
Lothal</b> and probably a few others in the lower riparian region and the
coast. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">None
of these names appear in the Indian tradition – Sanskrit or otherwise. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Each
of them was a large urban center with a well developed administrative system to
manage the surplus produce from the neighbouring country with a hundred or more
production centers dotting the courses of the rivers and had loose if not
political control over some sites farther away. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
next phase saw slow disintegration and regionalization of the civilization
leading to a number of new settlements in the peripheral regions, chiefly,
Gangetic Valley and Gujarat. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Until
the clues in the script available to us on various seals and other sources –
though very limited – are deciphered, we have no dispute-free way of
ascertaining the actual names of these sites. However, that doesn’t stop us
from speculating. Chronology based on the Puranic king-lists places the
original events of the epic Ramayana to the Integration Phase and the principal
events of Mahabharata to the Regionalization Phase. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There
has been a lot of focused research on identifying the cities and towns
mentioned in these epics, from Cunningham to now. Consistent with the
conventional chronology, these sites almost invariably belong to the
Post-Harappan phase in a region far to the east after a hiatus of approximately
a millennium between the disintegration of the early Bronze Age civilization
and the appearance of the earliest levels of these sites.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The fundamental postulates underlying my
argument are as follows:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. After the disintegration of the core
Harappan civilization the people that constituted it migrated in different
directions and lived in new habitats for generations, carrying memories of a
glorious age.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. With the improvement and access to the
new material and resources, they evolved new urban civilizations, yet drawing
inspiration from the remembered past. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. The ancient memories and knowledge was
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second urbanization and its ethos – like the names of the ruling lineages and
their administration centers. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Therefore, it is not illogical or
surprising to find the descendents of the epic heroes and the parallel place
names in the early historic times. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Knowledge of the regions to which the
civilization extended was added to the epic tradition, enlarging it to
encyclopedic proportions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. Therefore, it is plausible that the
major urban centers of Harappan Civilization are the original carriers of names
associated with the core epic tradition.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Now,
while speculating on geography of Harappan milieu, we must first draw a
boundary restricting our assumptions to the core of the two epics – the key
characters that constitute the principal stories and those related to them by
ties of blood. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Core
Story of Ramayana</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
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country as her name Kausalya indicates. The early story refers to a family feud
with his step brother who is a son of the princess of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kekeya</i> region. His name ‘Bharata’ suggests lunar lineage as against
the solar lineage of the protagonist. The female protagonist is a princess of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Videha</i> country with its capital Mithila.
</span></div>
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cognate of Philistine. He lives in an island citadel that he had occupied earlier
evicting its original ruler, Kubera forcing him to flee to the mountains. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
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contest and marries her. A family feud forces him to go on exile into regions
outside the civilization. His wife Sita is abducted by Ravana. The hero follows
her trail as directed by Sabari, who is personification of a river. The river
leads him to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kishkinda</i>, a settlement
of a tribe outside the pale of civilization. The principal character here is
Hanuman that aids him in locating the whereabouts of Sita. The hero mounts
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Now let us relook at the timelines from
a logical standpoint. Analysis of Puranic king-lists places Ramayana to have
had taken place in a period approximately in the late third millennium or early
second millennium BCE (circa 2000 BCE). We know that the mature Harappan civilization
belonged to the same time. The civilization has not extended beyond Yamuna
towards east and Tapi towards south. Let us try to locate the following towns
and regions belonging to the core story within this region and see if the
timelines are plausible. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Ayodhya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Kekeya region</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Mithila</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Sabari river</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Kishkinda</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. Lanka</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ayodhya
= Harappa</span></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Let
us take into account some Puranic references that do not make any sense in the
context of our understanding of the geography of Ramayana, and see if there is
any historical fact hidden there. Here I want to repeat what I had stated
earlier in this series</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">… </span><a href="http://saipapineni.blogspot.in/2012/09/rewinding-traditional-clock-part-iii.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">http://saipapineni.blogspot.in/2012/09/rewinding-traditional-clock-part-iii.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“It
was on the banks of Harayūpiya, Indra killed hundred priests called
Vrichivats”, says Rigveda. Rāmāyana mentions the legend of Viswāmitra killing a
hundred of Vasishṭa’s sons at Hariyūpa. They were called Vālashikhas. Sudas
killed a hundred Vaikarnéyas on the banks of the river Parushni. Vālashikhas,
Varashikhas and Vaikarnéyas belong to Vāsishṭa gōtra. All these above legends
allude to one single incident in the remembered past. </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We
know that Parushni is the ancient name of Rāvi on whose bank we find Harappa.
Therefore, it is possible that the original Sarayu/Harayu is none other than
the river Rāvi” </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vasishṭa is the chief priest of the
kings of Ayodhya, what is this Brahmin doing in Punjab instead of staying close
to Faizabad in UP? Unless, Rāvi was once called Sarayu and Ayodhya was the
chief city on its banks. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Let
us split the word “Harayu-yūpiya”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Harayu = Sarayu</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> … like Hind = Sind.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yūpa
= Dhwaja = Stambha</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
= Standard = Flag = Post etc…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Harappa
certainly is the largest archaeological site on Rāvi and qualifies.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Of course, one cannot be sure until
the script is deciphered. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">However, there are a couple of
historical references. Huen Tsang refers to a place near Indus called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rammanagara</i> from the legend of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dipankara</i> (Luminous) Buddha, mentioned
both in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mahāvattu</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Divyāvadana</i>. This refers to a story of a
Brahmin student in deer skins and matted hair at the feet of Buddha. This <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rammanagara, Rammavati or Rammagāma</i> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mahāvamsa</i>) existed in a period well
before the current era. Secondly, an early Aramaic inscription from Sircap near
Taxila mentions a proper noun <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘Ramadote’</i>.
This could be a personal name or could also be read as governor of a place <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rama</i>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">These may not prove anything as
there are thousands of place names today across the nook and corner of India
named after Rama. But, they are results of the wide popularity of the epic – a
phenomenon later than the Pāli canon and give us reason to believe that there
was a residual memory that existed in the region. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekeya Country = Rakhigarhi / Banvali
Area</span></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vāyu
Purana</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> places <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kekeya</i> region on Saraswati to the west
of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Āryavarta</i>. River Saraswati is also
called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bhārati</i> meaning either the
river that flows in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bharata</i> country
or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘the daughter of Bharata’</i>. Not
surprisingly, Bharata is the name of Kaikeyi’s son who is mentored by his
maternal grandfather, Asvapati, the king of Kekeya country. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There are attempts by other scholars
to place Kekeya region to the west of the river Beas. The region later began to
be called Gandhara, with its two cities founded by the descendents of Bharata –
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Taksha-Takshasila</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pushkara-Pushkalavati</i> – identified as
Taxila and Peshawar. Therefore the country to the west was not part of the
Kekeya country during the epic. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Another Bharata in the latter age
was the progenitor of the protagonists of Mahabharata, and their country is
placed to its immediate east. Vāyu Purana calls the eastern region, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kuru-jāngala</i>, the badlands or jungles of
Kuru. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most importantly, Banvali and
Rakhigarhi are two sites that showed signs of fire altars and of course
Kalibangan, downriver. Their significance lay in the raise of Brahmanical
religion during the subsequent <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dvāpara</i>
age dominated by the Bharata lineage. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mithila = Ganeriwala</span></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The kingdom of Mithila has vague
beginnings. Their founder the first Janaka, is the twentieth generation before
Siradhwaja, father of Sita, making the founding of the kingdom contemporaneous
with the reign of Sagara. Sagara, ancestor of Rama, is credited with expanding
of the influence of Ayodhya all the way to the coast. (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The kings of Mithila also claim solar lineage making Sita a cousin of
Rama – food for some thought especially for our Kaup Panchayats.</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Even
the route Viswamitra takes from Ayodhya to Mithila for the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">swayamvara</i> contest follows the banks of Ganga. There are three
legends associated with this journey remarkably all of them relate very similar
stories. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Descent
of Ganges</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Rescue
of Ahalya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Killing
of Tātaka </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Descent of Ganges</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOWM5OwRcPZv4IwQ5MGRcW4fH3s2-XEwkFyR-q654FNYC5AqPZ3MoQ0indTp0loRS9fcTKVKn8wfA_ZFsk4iqKBcbrIUi-icMlToUhjqqEbhFEai9yB33LGfzImJ0RzuJuLZM8ZERFbjpX/s1600/Rajastan-Cholistan+Complex.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOWM5OwRcPZv4IwQ5MGRcW4fH3s2-XEwkFyR-q654FNYC5AqPZ3MoQ0indTp0loRS9fcTKVKn8wfA_ZFsk4iqKBcbrIUi-icMlToUhjqqEbhFEai9yB33LGfzImJ0RzuJuLZM8ZERFbjpX/s1600/Rajastan-Cholistan+Complex.png" height="400" width="335" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Agrarian Settlements on the Dry Bed of Saraswati</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOWM5OwRcPZv4IwQ5MGRcW4fH3s2-XEwkFyR-q654FNYC5AqPZ3MoQ0indTp0loRS9fcTKVKn8wfA_ZFsk4iqKBcbrIUi-icMlToUhjqqEbhFEai9yB33LGfzImJ0RzuJuLZM8ZERFbjpX/s1600/Rajastan-Cholistan+Complex.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After Sagara expands the kingdom,
his sons – sixty thousand of them – were cursed by a sage Kapila while they
were digging a deep chasm through the ground. It was Sagara’s great grandson
Bhagiratha that brings the waters of Ganga to revive them. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Let’s assume for
once that the sixty thousand sons of Sagara in actuality are the king’s
subjects and the digging of chasm symbolized the construction of an irrigation
channel that failed. It required <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bhagiratha-prayatna</i>
to bring the waters of Ganga to revive these lands from their desolated state. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sixty thousand sons! </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Where do you find such a large concentration
of agrarian settlements in the Harappan milieu? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You find between Kalibangan and
Ganeriwala on the dry bed of Saraswati, more than hundred agrarian sites that
certainly would have supported a sixty thousand households. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">R. Saraswati had always been fickle.
Imagine a scenario where the main feeder of the river, Sutlej, shifts its flow
towards west into Indus, requiring a huge effort of digging a channel to bring
the waters back to the old channel. Probably, that’s what Bhagiratha had done
immortalizing his name. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But the legend is associated with R.
Ganga, isn’t it? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Let us remind ourselves that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ganga</i> is a Munda word synonymous with
water. Except for the name <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jāhnavi</i>,
Ganga was never mentioned in the main body of Rigveda. Even the legend of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jahnu,</i> who drinks up Ganga and relents
to release it, is associated with Bhagiratha. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rescue of Ahalya</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ahalya, wife of Gotama, was cursed
by her husband who doubts her fidelity, was left as a desolate rock in the path
of Rama. The touch of his foot rescues her, reviving the land to its earlier
glory. Here again the legend recollects the revival of an Ashram that had
fallen into bad times. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Killing of Tātaka</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tāṭaki is a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yakshi</i> who brings about ruin of once prosperous region by her
depredations. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Taṭāka</i> means a tank or
a lake. Tāṭaki probably was personification of a great irrigation tank gone
dry. By killing her Rama revives the land. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One of the most enduring characters
of our mythology is Viswāmitra. He is the progenitor of Bharata race. His
struggles for supremacy against Vasishta indicate not only the strife between <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bharatas</i> of Lunar descent against <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ikshwakus</i> of Solar lineage but the
ultimate triumph of his descendents. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was from his ashram that Rama had
travelled to Mithila. Rama’s journey as the crown-prince to these lands and the
legends of Ahalya and Tataki indicate reestablishment of settlements with
active collaboration of Viswamitra. If we believe that the journey took the
route of the old bed, the ashram probably was very close to Kalibangan and the
destination, Mithila near Ganeriwala. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Are
the fire altars excavated at Kalibangan the actual venue of Viswamitra’s famous
sacrifice protected by Rama?)</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The irony of all these expansion
processes, during Ramayana period, also indicates the rising influence of
Bharata clan surrounding Ayodhya. No wonder, Rama’s reign rings the end of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">yuga</i> followed by overall decline.
Placing Rama’s reign around 2000 BCE is consistent with the beginning of the Regionalization
Phase of Harappan archaeology. Probably the reason, future generations remember
his reign as the most glorious phase of history, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ramarājya</i>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Exile</span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Now let us move on to the places
visited by the hero during his exile. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Major part of his exile – ten years
– was spent at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chitrakoot</i>. Then as
advised by Agastya he travels south to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pancavati</i>
in the eleventh year. Lives there for three years – encounters a few unpleasant
characters like Sūrpa-nakha and her brothers, Khara & Dushana – before his
wife is abducted by Rāvana.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The entry of Agastya is a giveaway.
Agastya is associated with Sanskritization of Dravidian country. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Agattiyar</i> had been the agency for the
popularization of Sankrit culture in south. Therefore, the entire shift of
location of the exile story to Godavari valley and to Tamil/Sinhala country
belonged to a later phase, when the knowledge of these lands was commonplace. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Looking
at the timelines of the story, the events of abduction and recovery of Sita
happen within a span of one year. It takes less than two months for the armies
of Rama to travel from Kishkinda to Lanka, lay seize on the city, defeat and
kill the villain in a battle and return to Ayodhya. The whole story that
constitutes <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sundara-kanda</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yuddha-kanda</i> chapters of the epic begins
after the rainy season and ends on <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diwali</i>
day. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If
the story has to take place – as is believed – in South Indian peninsula and
Srilanka, where the rainy season actually ends only after Diwali, the whole
chronology of Ramayana is not plausible.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Secondly,
if we believe that Kishkinda is in Upper Deccan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hampi</i>), the distance the army has to travel from there to
Rameswaram and across Palk Strait to Danushkodi is more than a thousand
kilometers. Even on a forced march of a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">yojana</i>
– 11 kilometers – per day, it would take more than three months, leaving aside
the time taken to build a bridge across the strait. Thirdly, the battle lasts
until the tenth day of Dussera and the hero leaves Lanka to reach Ayodhya a day
before Diwali. Of course, he takes Pushpak – an aircraft to travel a distance
of 2500km as crow flies, in less than twenty days. If one wants to still
believe that aircraft existed that could fly nonstop for 2500 km without
refueling in that distant antiquity… there is nothing to argue. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But
how do we reconcile the story and its chronology if we were to believe that the
fundamental events of the epic are factual?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Simple…
we look for possible candidates for the locations closer to the core areas of
Harappan culture. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Let
me draw a map…before recounting the story of exile. </span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhowVctTzd5_rTmSjFIZpQfOCpCzyxXfxbnNL87YtoqSaMnZDx82Bv9YF8ryQ7m0N6WZ0RI_-U9rtu-nStDaW38HFDuwE96wWyfSn0thk0mu270VJwJZOCDjM1UDIF3RjzBfhxoLQYEROuB/s1600/Ramayana+Geography.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhowVctTzd5_rTmSjFIZpQfOCpCzyxXfxbnNL87YtoqSaMnZDx82Bv9YF8ryQ7m0N6WZ0RI_-U9rtu-nStDaW38HFDuwE96wWyfSn0thk0mu270VJwJZOCDjM1UDIF3RjzBfhxoLQYEROuB/s1600/Ramayana+Geography.jpg" height="640" width="537" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Geography of Ramayana - Circa 2000 BCE</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rama
leaves Ayodhya, crosses the great river at a regular ferry point, operated by
Guha at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sringabhera</i>, spends a season
at Prayāg, and travels further south and settles down at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chitrakoot</i>, still not very far from the capital. Bharata reaches
there with a large contingent of citizens of Ayodhya, returns and establishes a
temporary capital at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nandigrama</i> on
the banks of Ganga (Saraswati/Sutlez) understandably close to his stronghold,
Kekeya. It is difficult to identify these exact locations though there are
claimants to the status near Allahabad and farther east. In the historical
period, the main arterial highway to south – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dakshināpatha</i> – started from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kausambi</i>.
So it is easy for the future civilizations to locate such place names on that
highway. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">During
historic period the focus of civilization was the Gangetic plain. There is
absolutely no archaeological evidence of any established civilization there in
2000 BCE. Therefore, the start-point of Dakshināpatha or Southern Highway must
be located somewhere south of Amritsar … near Fazilka? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Chitrakuta</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Let’s
draw a straight line – north-south – from there. It will intersect Delhi-Bombay
highway, between Bikaner and Ajmer, just to the east of Thar Desert and west of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aravallis</i>. This region was a thick
bush-land – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kuru Jāngala</i> – even in
historic times. The first station – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chitrakuta</i>
– probably was located there.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Panchavaṭi </span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Next
station is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Panchavaṭi</i> at the source
of a river that flows to the east. Sita is abducted there and carried away on a
swift aircraft/watercraft. In the Aravallis, where do you find a waterway all
the way to the sea? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Luni
rises in Aravallis and flows south-southwest and debouches in the Rann of
Kutch. Just north of its source the river Chambal takes a sharp turn east. The
region is rich in raw material and is well connected by two seasonal waterways,
Luni and Sabarmati, at the mouths of which rivers we find the important port
cities of Harappan times, Dholavira and Lothal. Presence of raw material sourced
from this region in Gujarat sites is well attested by Prof. Suraj Bhan and
Aurel Stein.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rama’s
conflict with Khara and Dushana, agents of Ravana, near Panchavati is well
attested in the epic. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sabari = Sabarmati</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Next
station is just south of the spot. Rama reaches the banks of Luni, close to the
point where R. Sabarmati originates, whose name is indicative of the presence
of Sabaras. From this points there are two rivers leading to the sea. Here he
receives the first clue from Sabari who asks him to follow the river. Did he
follow Luni or Sabarmati? Going by the name, it is easier to assume that it was
Sabarmati. Ramayana fully attests that Sabari is a river and it guides the hero
in his search – but only until his next station Kishkinda where he makes
friends with the Vānaras. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kishkinda</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kishkinda
is at the source of a small river, terrain is mountainous. The region is called
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Banaskantha</i> – Forest of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Banas</i>. Assuming that Vānaras are not
monkeys but some kind of forest-dwelling people … </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Vana
= Forest</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Nara
= People</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Vana
+ nara = Forest People.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Bana
= Forest</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Banas - Forest dwelling tribe.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Monsoon
reaches here in late-June and the region is practically dry after August. Rann
of Kutch is only 200 km downriver. A swift canoe can take Hanuman there and
back in a couple of weeks on the small stream Saraswati. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Final
Destination – Lanka</span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Is
it Dholavira or Surkotada?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
name Surkotada probably held a meaning … Fortress of (A)sur. But the epic
describes a fortress built of stone with multiple battlements and ramparts,
certainly an awe inspiring city. When compared with Dholavira in the
neighbourhood, Surkotada falls short. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dholavira,
it is. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Dholavira = Lanka</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Let
me set down a few traditional references to support the hypothesis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Puranas and the epic tradition state
that Lanka is built on <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mt. Mandhara</span>
by Kubera, the king of <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yakshas</span> and
Ravana evicts him from there. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Vāyupurana</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">
states that a peak of Mt. Meru was hurled into the sea of milk and it is called
Mandhara. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Mandhara is the same hill that was
lifted out of the sea by Vishnu as a Tortoise, on his carapace. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kachchapa</span> = Carapace. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kachcha</span> is the island Kutch. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Mandhara acted as the pivot for churning
the sea of milk. I have earlier dealt with this identification of sea of milk
with Rann of Kutch in my post … </span><a href="http://saipapineni.blogspot.in/2012/07/jambudwipa-where-or-what-is-it.html"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://saipapineni.blogspot.in/2012/07/jambudwipa-where-or-what-is-it.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Kirsara – simplified version of <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kshir-sagara</span> meaning ‘sea of milk’ – is
a Harappan site in Kutch overlooking the Rann. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">6. Prof. Gaur and Prof. Vora of Marine
Archaeology Center, Goa have proved, based on the material from various sites
in Gujarat, that the Rann of Kutch was 3 to 6 meters under water almost round
the year during the Harappan times. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">7. Early October is when the monsoon
retreats in India and the inundation of the Rann, that we notice today,
withdraws. In the epic, building of the bridge across the waters coincides with
the same period of the year – one week before Dusserah – enabling dry crossing
from the mainland to Kadir Bet. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">8. Dholavira shows clear signs of
destruction and decline around 2200 BCE a date slightly earlier than the
overall decline of Harappan civilization. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">9. Finally, Ramayana mentions that the glow
of fire and smoke, when the city was burnt by Hanuman, were seen from the
mouths of Indus that are only fifty miles away and possible on a clear day.</span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Now,
let us get back to the timelines. The trail taken by Rama in pursuit of the
abductor; Hanuman’s expedition to Lanka and back to Kishkinda; the march of
armies; building of Setu; battle and rescue of Sita as narrated in the epic
fits in. But how did Rama reach Nandigrama within twenty days after victory? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Explainable!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">He
had set sail on a river craft or a swift galley from Dholavira, a maritime
city. Both Indus and Saraswati are large navigable rivers and Harappa is easily
reachable in a fortnight. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Conclusion:</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Chronology
based on Puranic king-lists places Ramayana period in circa 2000 BCE, which is
heyday of Indus valley Civilization. However, the places associated with the
epic – as we know them today – belong to a later era. As the civilization
spread, knowledge of new regions was added to the epic giving it a pan-India character.
But, if one wants to find the actual geographical context, one must look for it
in Harappan archaeology. Traditional memories and references in Puranas and
epics may help us with some clues. This may in turn provide new perspectives to
our understanding of Harappan civilization. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #9999FF; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">My
concluding post on the Geography of Jambudwipa will deal with the Late Harappan
context based on the core epic of lunar lineage – Mahabharata and the Story of
Krishna. </span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-19425307453494804202012-10-30T22:52:00.000+05:302012-11-06T04:12:54.325+05:30Archaeology: Karnataka’s Best Kept Secret<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Archaeology: Karnataka’s Best
Kept Secret</span></span></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Now out in the open!</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6WWDajzg111GMLo7B4kXH-17_OWnFbPX-mTKjLScIF1Ip8pi7fr8g4klWIngjaGP8hMSArDbSMZDnnF09WexJ0rOYz_BTI9kMxTpUk-3AQOuwMPsiCFQ5c-9umonxKWv6hMiYh6JcisFi/s1600/Its+one+of+those+smaller+dolmens.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6WWDajzg111GMLo7B4kXH-17_OWnFbPX-mTKjLScIF1Ip8pi7fr8g4klWIngjaGP8hMSArDbSMZDnnF09WexJ0rOYz_BTI9kMxTpUk-3AQOuwMPsiCFQ5c-9umonxKWv6hMiYh6JcisFi/s400/Its+one+of+those+smaller+dolmens.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">We know about Halebid, Badami and Pattadakal and of course the
famous ruins of Hampi, part of what we call the World Heritage. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Now, the Archaeological Survey of India springs a surprise. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">They want Hirebenekal to be included in the list of UNESCO’s World
Heritage Sites, deservedly!</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<object class="BLOGGER-picasa-video" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0" data-thumbnail-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0ii_ULOc07fUYqIh3LGkW6bGoKgjWMfeO6V3H0NHrc0AmJjDDYJYkiG3CluoXXpfakYzfQ74b9-932NMEzGt8pwF5Wk_M2NmXZGv65K-rf4Wp3jCIYrSgdaVK_9WFxsORMRIgAu6NHuKR/s1600/Video+360+degrees.AVI" height="266" width="320"><param name="movie" value="http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?videoUrl=http://redirector.googlevideo.com/videoplayback?id%3D1633b28044fc8b98%26itag%3D5%26source%3Dpicasa%26cmo%3Dsensitive_content%253Dyes%26ip%3D0.0.0.0%26ipbits%3D0%26expire%3D1354207399%26sparams%3Did,itag,source,ip,ipbits,expire%26signature%3D1F68A4B0CBBD0C8E3EE4C513DDF32290A49DEF42.4B2DC365D3C7A09C5CE3E48CEDD6D1DEF80204D0%26key%3Dlh1" /><param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /><embed width="320" height="266" src="http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?videoUrl=http://redirector.googlevideo.com/videoplayback?id%3D1633b28044fc8b98%26itag%3D5%26source%3Dpicasa%26cmo%3Dsensitive_content%253Dyes%26ip%3D0.0.0.0%26ipbits%3D0%26expire%3D1354207399%26sparams%3Did,itag,source,ip,ipbits,expire%26signature%3D1F68A4B0CBBD0C8E3EE4C513DDF32290A49DEF42.4B2DC365D3C7A09C5CE3E48CEDD6D1DEF80204D0%26key%3Dlh1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-size: small;">360 degrees view of Hirebenekal Site</span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Hirebenekal….????</span></span> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Ever heard of it?</span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">I’m sure you haven’t … unless you are a part of the closely knit
group of archaeologists.</span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
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</span>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Let me tell you. It has been a couple of years since I had visited
this site, prodded by a few archaeologist friends. Even though I have this
habit of writing about the sites I visit almost immediately, I had refrained
from doing it … with very good reason. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
</span>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Probably it is some kind of instinctive reaction, to guard a
treasure that you have found. </span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOPFSUU_D95PxLHy1P1tmVF7SCK5BQy0JrHujVMLFzBV08Hs2XtJWjRb89e_j7zkVFrdPwyPjxY9godBHwfLuTBrY30MfiHS-PI9NFOXKPbS1ZOE0mUyXXiDx0vJ8JiNSR2CrOkFISBW5o/s1600/Hills+of+Hirebenekal.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOPFSUU_D95PxLHy1P1tmVF7SCK5BQy0JrHujVMLFzBV08Hs2XtJWjRb89e_j7zkVFrdPwyPjxY9godBHwfLuTBrY30MfiHS-PI9NFOXKPbS1ZOE0mUyXXiDx0vJ8JiNSR2CrOkFISBW5o/s320/Hills+of+Hirebenekal.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hill of Hirebenekal</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nature had kept it away from the human eyes and their desecrating
hands for millennia, a fact that allowed its preservation in its virginal
state. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">You may be getting a bit restless and want to shout, </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">“Where the hell is this?”</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Now that the news is out in the open, let me tell you where it is.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The easier route to reach the place requires eight kilometers of
trek through the hills and bush, with every chance of getting lost in the
zigzagging goat paths. The tougher, more scenic route is a day’s trek through
the leopard and sloth-bear infested hills from Hampi. Few people, not even the
local shepherds, will be able to guide you. Your compass or GPS is of no use.
Some field archaeologists of ASI had made some markings on rocks to guide us
from the nearest village. It is easier to decipher Harappan script than these
enigmatic signs. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNwsuLL6mQvfbEKYkFJox1p52mWAYOJiH2RAulR8MPxEzGkK4gfVssNbo5ehKCIJt4U9dAN6e6zUG9TNBnlwURoUrXGV29kiiWq7pDaZa6X14pPKW9ky-MjGiwV9GHKB7f_0HDxIeI_inI/s1600/Rangappa.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNwsuLL6mQvfbEKYkFJox1p52mWAYOJiH2RAulR8MPxEzGkK4gfVssNbo5ehKCIJt4U9dAN6e6zUG9TNBnlwURoUrXGV29kiiWq7pDaZa6X14pPKW9ky-MjGiwV9GHKB7f_0HDxIeI_inI/s200/Rangappa.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rangappa, the Guide</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Then, how do you go there?</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Firstly, don’t even look at the Google Maps. You won’t find it. Hirebenekal
is a nonexistent village. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hire</i> means
‘old’ in the local lingo. There is a Benekal village a kilometer off the
Gangavati - Koppal Road … if you drive 14 km from Gangavati – it is a mile
after the bridge across Tungabhadra High Level Canal.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<object class="BLOGGER-picasa-video" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0" data-thumbnail-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis1gQSov4VE27uIfpOzhqfmGHK6DcluI5AnPg76P1BWxuYavna5HIopYX-h9L6IAk9kfMVtex4aZc4CkphVXceH5wU0IrZKtSkew4KhzHs4XiKA7qIW4kcuqBrT16AVBT_Bs20QH9Wxe_K/s1600/Video+An+easy+walk+through+the+paddies.AVI" height="266" width="320"><param name="movie" value="http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?videoUrl=http://redirector.googlevideo.com/videoplayback?id%3Db865ef56ea83cd22%26itag%3D5%26source%3Dpicasa%26cmo%3Dsensitive_content%253Dyes%26ip%3D0.0.0.0%26ipbits%3D0%26expire%3D1354207583%26sparams%3Did,itag,source,ip,ipbits,expire%26signature%3D930CDF4A6DF2E4B914CBB3ECD94517A441641736.A1BE67422E32E968F7BF7404986BAF5ED3A404BD%26key%3Dlh1" /><param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /><embed width="320" height="266" src="http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?videoUrl=http://redirector.googlevideo.com/videoplayback?id%3Db865ef56ea83cd22%26itag%3D5%26source%3Dpicasa%26cmo%3Dsensitive_content%253Dyes%26ip%3D0.0.0.0%26ipbits%3D0%26expire%3D1354207583%26sparams%3Did,itag,source,ip,ipbits,expire%26signature%3D930CDF4A6DF2E4B914CBB3ECD94517A441641736.A1BE67422E32E968F7BF7404986BAF5ED3A404BD%26key%3Dlh1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> An easy walk through the paddies</span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">If you are lucky, you may find this very helpful farmer who lives
there called Rangappa. He knows his way through the jungle like the back of his
hand. He speaks Kannada and Telugu, spoken locally. It is essential that you
find him before venturing across the rice paddies and the few orchards at the
edge of human habitation. Once you start climbing the hills with its
characteristic granite outcrops, you just follow him. </span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVeBdP0F1sxG2j8g8WM9hvdd1FcTORsQfO5QhqFVuyxyzdCX6nvd0LMCNTgVQAKRdFs9RKi3yRvPOfZRPSByOntJJN1mKd7T2hZs75fuG9FI5JfCkqLeCSVTA1wUqN8FnUaR9eh0mgRo54/s1600/Animal+%2528X-Ray%2529+Art.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVeBdP0F1sxG2j8g8WM9hvdd1FcTORsQfO5QhqFVuyxyzdCX6nvd0LMCNTgVQAKRdFs9RKi3yRvPOfZRPSByOntJJN1mKd7T2hZs75fuG9FI5JfCkqLeCSVTA1wUqN8FnUaR9eh0mgRo54/s320/Animal+%2528X-Ray%2529+Art.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Carry lots of water, you’ll need it, not only to quench your
thirst but to sprinkle generously on the rocky walls of the shelters used by our
Neolithic ancestors, to share the rock-art that they had left behind. The
rock-art depicts some hunters on horseback and has a few similarities with the
Mesolithic art of Bhimbetka and the Neolithic sites of Kurnool region. This
alone is worth the trek. </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">But, once you reach the top, it’s a wide undulating plain
surrounding a small lake fed by a natural spring ... </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">There are no words to describe the spectacular man-made landscape. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Hundreds of huge ‘Dolmens’ … </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy7sLEpAoV9eAGkkTfCPzkEjbW-6UK_Re1dtl68wdbZzQt4d4hyzpN-kIDxVq0heSln8RFvLcrT5XFBlNSlnIs59O5MukdWrv1TY1c9Fz6Kl59mDTKqBLRdVzk4BOwVHkVz1pKX_aK2CMQ/s1600/Dolmens+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy7sLEpAoV9eAGkkTfCPzkEjbW-6UK_Re1dtl68wdbZzQt4d4hyzpN-kIDxVq0heSln8RFvLcrT5XFBlNSlnIs59O5MukdWrv1TY1c9Fz6Kl59mDTKqBLRdVzk4BOwVHkVz1pKX_aK2CMQ/s320/Dolmens+1.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It looks like some kind of uninhabited town with stone houses. These
houses certainly are bigger than the Dharavi shanties. But, they were not meant
to house the living. They are tombs. Their sizes are more or less uniform –
Eight to Twelve feet square – built of stone slabs, more than half a foot
thick. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">What are these Dolmens? </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFwN6y4K9wZiVRZRYOVaiUH7ErGRXH5QWtSIBXarc2W3gS95C4d4bvvxA-xourWfX9o_iuRqt4k-2JQ823mUJEplFgJzWUSttcznHkO9Mvto02Ov-3hdL6IHmwQpINjwVfx8wJQiiDqUQu/s1600/Dolmens+3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFwN6y4K9wZiVRZRYOVaiUH7ErGRXH5QWtSIBXarc2W3gS95C4d4bvvxA-xourWfX9o_iuRqt4k-2JQ823mUJEplFgJzWUSttcznHkO9Mvto02Ov-3hdL6IHmwQpINjwVfx8wJQiiDqUQu/s320/Dolmens+3.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">They are burial chambers – above the ground. A base slab for
floor, four vertical square slabs making it into a box and a cap stone – a slab
usually circular – covering the chamber. The smallest of the chambers is about
8X8 feet square and a capstone of 10 feet diameter. The slabs are anywhere
between 8 to 10 inches thick made of granite. </span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIXwmZbS7JRRQsDh1svHJR-Rh7s9H8mcuM4KPt3HzAQDsB3N-_CsHkltXexl11QhKH2iRTevZLPmUc2s36S0kISPCR-72PN1I_twdMtYLp9Y9Jj317hmwu4cVdBGod-K_B_zSu26btF3AM/s1600/Porthole.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIXwmZbS7JRRQsDh1svHJR-Rh7s9H8mcuM4KPt3HzAQDsB3N-_CsHkltXexl11QhKH2iRTevZLPmUc2s36S0kISPCR-72PN1I_twdMtYLp9Y9Jj317hmwu4cVdBGod-K_B_zSu26btF3AM/s320/Porthole.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Let us calculate the weight of 175 cubic feet of granite. Average
weight of one cubic foot of granite is 168 pounds = 76 kilos. So a capstone
weighed nothing less than 13 metric tons. Even the walls weighed ten tons a
piece. How did they carry them – leave aside lifting them to ten foot height. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Easy, isn’t it? </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">You just need a crane, call Caterpillar. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQkrDxc1TxYqU0Ct3We72drLDzvBaSPxjyUrvwjlT0juYEY3B0wMxHfLR0ahLM70L_kev3Kj6RNsHIxqW8BZ0m6k9_6Ax0FuJehaYNvYmFju55Qck2Gec8sIFnAdnkwxYSkdjYAJ76l9eS/s1600/Dolmens+4.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQkrDxc1TxYqU0Ct3We72drLDzvBaSPxjyUrvwjlT0juYEY3B0wMxHfLR0ahLM70L_kev3Kj6RNsHIxqW8BZ0m6k9_6Ax0FuJehaYNvYmFju55Qck2Gec8sIFnAdnkwxYSkdjYAJ76l9eS/s320/Dolmens+4.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">But the guys who did this belonged to a period which we call –
Stone Age. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">They used tools knapped out of natural rock. Probably, they smelted
iron from the Hematite that abounds in the neighbourhood … but that doesn’t
explain their ability to cart and lift those weights. </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIlD9hxH4KP84CRiELIawIXWcNEyVJ5CkU3JlTsv69p_kBRJbfN3Vp-SePbwtrsvLPNVXhEZufZnqyXroV6HMV02xP6WAejKEAzpOHevaruk7zrjW7RcwinIulgelz4a1_7QMWQulpwOKj/s1600/Dolmens+2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIlD9hxH4KP84CRiELIawIXWcNEyVJ5CkU3JlTsv69p_kBRJbfN3Vp-SePbwtrsvLPNVXhEZufZnqyXroV6HMV02xP6WAejKEAzpOHevaruk7zrjW7RcwinIulgelz4a1_7QMWQulpwOKj/s320/Dolmens+2.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The area 500 Mts. above MSL, with a small spring-fed lake wouldn’t
have supported a large labour force permanently. If you see the terrain, the
possibility of their using any wheeled transport is out of the question. Assuming
that one individual can lift and carry forty kilos, they would have needed 400
people to lift a single capstone.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Yet, they had built these dolmens – hundreds of them.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sometimes I wonder if their intention in leaving them for us to
discover was not to shock us and spoil our feeling of superiority. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Shocked … Certainly, I was. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglkfDtKfbLBSkBZHqrz1eeuWjSzGrN-Cgz8YYR5fxX0QwVuxKBfW7WskBqTY3jrjLrQ_tH5gx7egpYvkaFOBY1eVjz2ScKDvNPedy7fVL9dtacgKTsCyYGgbLmTBI1tRDfLj3vGOCaG9Bw/s1600/Stone+tools.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglkfDtKfbLBSkBZHqrz1eeuWjSzGrN-Cgz8YYR5fxX0QwVuxKBfW7WskBqTY3jrjLrQ_tH5gx7egpYvkaFOBY1eVjz2ScKDvNPedy7fVL9dtacgKTsCyYGgbLmTBI1tRDfLj3vGOCaG9Bw/s320/Stone+tools.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">I began exploring the valley with a small camera in hand. With a
sharp eye, one may find a few unfinished hand axes and scrapers that lay on the
surface and a few potsherds too. The area was certainly inhabited by people, <b>two
thousand years ago</b>, probably a small unit of workmen, who mined the stone. </span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<object class="BLOGGER-picasa-video" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0" data-thumbnail-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimk_XdPfBq6HWXsTRlypZYRTEZ3-alDbz-pb2ple7L5n8ZWaJXH-ZPV5_21QknnCgz2HevoRHOUkV4SRAc3Ga_o5GrXTEQbSf9T-6MDHjNJ2wqAy0ea1vAC7cUokxdMjUJWYBZqRGdgiV1/s1600/Video+Stone+working+area+near+lake.AVI" height="266" width="320"><param name="movie" value="http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?videoUrl=http://redirector.googlevideo.com/videoplayback?id%3D9a24eb17d1755b0b%26itag%3D5%26source%3Dpicasa%26cmo%3Dsensitive_content%253Dyes%26ip%3D0.0.0.0%26ipbits%3D0%26expire%3D1354209114%26sparams%3Did,itag,source,ip,ipbits,expire%26signature%3DB32C9945ECE0599E4C753730BCA0D6156F2582B9.8B89AFD6CD4BD1D641935FCE6991053D43070840%26key%3Dlh1" /><param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /><embed width="320" height="266" src="http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?videoUrl=http://redirector.googlevideo.com/videoplayback?id%3D9a24eb17d1755b0b%26itag%3D5%26source%3Dpicasa%26cmo%3Dsensitive_content%253Dyes%26ip%3D0.0.0.0%26ipbits%3D0%26expire%3D1354209114%26sparams%3Did,itag,source,ip,ipbits,expire%26signature%3DB32C9945ECE0599E4C753730BCA0D6156F2582B9.8B89AFD6CD4BD1D641935FCE6991053D43070840%26key%3Dlh1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Stone working area next to the lake</span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">They must have used a simple technique of heating the surface
stone – layer over layer, formed eons ago due to some sequential volcanic
activity – and suddenly cooled them by pouring water from the lake to induce
fractures. The area surrounding the lake clearly shows the evidence of such
activity.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">But the actual carting and building of dolmens was done by larger groups
of men, probably by those who gathered at the funeral and lent a hand. Even
then, whoever afforded such burial and a funeral so grand must have been a very
rich person. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The number of dolmens raises a couple of question … for how long
and how prosperous the country surrounding this place had been. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Archaeologists estimate that these dolmens belong to a period of
five centuries immediately before Christ that coincides with the Iron Age in
India.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Debatable! </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2irykSVEXzhb-fMXkXUFZZo7pplbYXlwOCfaBt12asCaih-uf3syEEtSx8r5AjqH0vY1lY9LhoYGvDvF0WxyzOyzg7RtgiB88dm5bsFBu6c8EDTzoE97thV36sbChN6s071n0-bBWHvnU/s1600/Potshards.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2irykSVEXzhb-fMXkXUFZZo7pplbYXlwOCfaBt12asCaih-uf3syEEtSx8r5AjqH0vY1lY9LhoYGvDvF0WxyzOyzg7RtgiB88dm5bsFBu6c8EDTzoE97thV36sbChN6s071n0-bBWHvnU/s400/Potshards.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The potsherds found certainly are similar to those found in other
Iron Age (Mauryan / Asokan) sites like Brahmagiri etc. But the stone tools used
are of an earlier milieu. More research may throw up facts that may shock us even
more. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Finally, you may now ask, why I had refrained from mentioning this
site in my earlier posts. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGBbL9rIVVrXZ4Lg1e-Y0Q5ajsClI3si7Pw6bZ0AUqal0de9R5bwWaJFy4hwoSNEnJ4aDOppF2D12IKfkSTo22EW3cPsN8LC-lV4LGWo34gUK7JO6m1IiFGOU7jeOeAm-1H5uV7Rvo-OZN/s1600/Protective+Wall.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGBbL9rIVVrXZ4Lg1e-Y0Q5ajsClI3si7Pw6bZ0AUqal0de9R5bwWaJFy4hwoSNEnJ4aDOppF2D12IKfkSTo22EW3cPsN8LC-lV4LGWo34gUK7JO6m1IiFGOU7jeOeAm-1H5uV7Rvo-OZN/s320/Protective+Wall.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Protective Boundary Wall</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Because, this greatest archaeological treasure is unprotected,
except for a short wall of stones marking the boundary, away from the greatest
depredator of artifacts and monuments, who is commonly called <b>‘tourist’</b>. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #548DD4; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 153; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Until,
ASI installs a proper protection and conservation mechanism, it is better the
site stays away from the human eye and the tourist map, as it is.<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">UNESCO ... </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">and its conservation regimen </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">are essential now to protect
this heritage</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">also read </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">http://www.archaeology.org/1005/etc/india.html </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com4Hirebenekal15.418269797040587 76.38381958007812515.402962797040587 76.364078580078129 15.433576797040587 76.403560580078121tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-21168405327767360932012-09-30T12:26:00.000+05:302012-10-01T15:17:38.017+05:30Rewinding the Traditional Clock – Part III<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Geography of Jambudwipa series: </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Are
the Sanskrit sources relevant in understanding the Indus Geography?</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Here
I would like to quote Prof. Asko Parpola in a recent interview. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> “I think these two language
families have been in contact with each other ever since the Indo-Aryan
speakers entered South Asia. It is impossible to leave Indo-Aryan sources out
of account. They have preserved very important information of Harappan heritage.”</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Coming from an authority like Prof.
Parpola, whose contribution to the understanding of Harappan script and culture
is respected by the scholars cutting across the parochial and ideological
boundaries, the statement supports the rationale of drawing clues from the
Sanskrit tradition in understanding the geography of the civilization milieu. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Similarly, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dravidian</b> literature also must have retained some of the clues, if
we agree to the possibility that multilingual populations had shared the same
civilization. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Where else do we look for more
clues? </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The literary tradition aside, the
subcontinent has a culture complex with a multitude of isolated populations
which retained some common memories and legends that had not transcended the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">folk</b> domain to be a part of the written
tradition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Finally, the geographical map as
viewed by the civilization was not a constant. Coming to Jambudwipa, if that
was what we assume they called their land, it must have changed with the times
and therefore requires a look in from different chronological view points. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 192, 0); text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">7<sup>th</sup> Millennium BCE</span></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Was the concept of Jambudwipa present
in the 7<sup>th</sup> millennium BCE? </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMOZylpXgpMFXismUjXstrar3-ke-vR5vC6kpyUfHxPE_kqBpGV4lgqSNFNVjXyc2i6nltmo-x-hujACHnzRCfpW3fgbRlyr-RRP9U3TbkBO3UN-0JPc_Q20Up1tUGeQS_g0fiCAkVXlhJ/s1600/Early+Neolithic+Sites+NW.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMOZylpXgpMFXismUjXstrar3-ke-vR5vC6kpyUfHxPE_kqBpGV4lgqSNFNVjXyc2i6nltmo-x-hujACHnzRCfpW3fgbRlyr-RRP9U3TbkBO3UN-0JPc_Q20Up1tUGeQS_g0fiCAkVXlhJ/s400/Early+Neolithic+Sites+NW.jpg" width="277" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Archaeology tells us that most of
the early farming sites are concentrated in the upper river valleys of
Hindukush range. If we look at the map, Quetta Valley has the largest
concentration of sites. We know that the valley is situated on a natural
highway between the subcontinent and the Levant. It is plausible that the early
farming communities of the Levantine Crescent and the sites in the subcontinent
are somehow connected. Prof. Colin Renfrew thinks that it was during this
period that a Proto-IE language had spread with the establishment of these
communities. If that was the case, the original IE people belonged to the
earliest of these farming communities. Mehrgarh certainly is a candidate along
with some of the Palestinian and Anatolian sites. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Now the question is, ‘Were they the
Rig Vedic people?’ </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">True, there were many common names
and legends Rig Veda shares with those of the classical Mediterranean cultures.
But those came about much later and any commonality is probably due to later
dissemination. Further, the Assyrian and the Rig Vedic traditions are entirely
distinct. There are a few shared events and legends like the much touted flood
legend of circa 3100 BCE belonging to Post-Ubaid, Jemdet Nasr period. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Therefore, Rig Veda may not be
helpful in understanding the early farming communities of 7<sup>th</sup>
millennium BCE. Secondly, we are not sure if these early farmers belonged to
the same people or entirely independent of each other, even though those
village sites looked functionally similar. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">I am not trying to speculate on
whether these cultures evolved indigenously or were planted by the migrants
from the west. Archeologically, they were present in the Quetta Valley in the 7<sup>th</sup>
millennium. I am looking only at the fact that when these technologically
advanced communities existed, there were many indigenous communities that
coexisted who were at an earlier cultural phase. Topographically, most of these
farming sites are found in river valleys at substantial elevation – at an
average of thousand meters above mean sea level, Mehrgarh being the lowest at
around 700 above msl. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The hunter gatherers that lived in
the plains must have looked at these technologically advanced people with awe.
Their technology – their ability to control the animals and plants – was probably
considered some kind of superhuman magic. These people of the ‘High place’ were
probably the catalyst for the origin of the Meru myth. Naturally, when in the latter
days, a geographically cogent world view developed, this mythical High place
became its center. </span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Etymologically, it can be argued
that Meru is derived from the Dravidian root, ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mél’. </i>Not surprisingly <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mél</i>
in Tamil is associated with height and the cardinal west. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Zhob in all probability was the
focus of this nascent civilization of the super human people and is the same
river ‘su-po-fa-su-tu’ (or Subha-vastu) as mentioned by Hsuen Tsang. This
argument is consistent with my earlier post – Finding Mount Meru …</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://saipapineni.blogspot.in/2012/08/finding-mount-meru.html"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://saipapineni.blogspot.in/2012/08/finding-mount-meru.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">This entire argument above presumes
that the concept of Jambudwipa belonged to a later phase in the prehistory of
the subcontinent. Therefore, let us look at the next phase in my time-list to
understand the Jambudwipa as a concept. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br /></span></span></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 192, 0); text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">4500 BCE – Atlanticum</span></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Om
Bhūr Bhuvar Swar</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">
…. Thus goes the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gāyatri</i> mantra. The
spiritual interpretation of this is not what I would touch upon. But the
context in which the mantra is first uttered is when the person enters the
community as an accredited member. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Manu
samhita</i> says that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vyāhritis</i> – the
three mystical words to have been milked by the first man from the three Vedas
– resulted in the three <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lokas</i>: Bhūr,
Bhuvar and Swar. In essence, Gayatri is a pledge of loyalty taken by the newly
inducted citizen to the way of life as dictated by the God of Bhrigus, the
original source of illumination. It was the energy of the Sun that had brought
these three spheres into one body. Every member of this emergent <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aryan</i> community was bound by this
pledge.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">It is a rather simplistic and
materialistic interpretation, but the people of the early urban milieu were
also simple people – still evolving into a syncretic community combining three
streams of subsistence. Please see my earlier post</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">… </span><b><span style="font-size: small;">Rewinding the Traditional Clock –
Part II</span></b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://saipapineni.blogspot.in/2012/08/normal-0-false-false-false-en-us-x-none.html"><span style="font-weight: normal;">http://saipapineni.blogspot.in/2012/08/normal-0-false-false-false-en-us-x-none.html</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Let us look closely at the words – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bhū-r, Bhuva-r</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Swa-r.</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The suffix ‘ar’ always denoted
people. It was probably derived from the Dravidian tradition. But many North
Indian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jāti</i> names also end with this
suffix – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kumh-ar</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cham-ar</i> etc. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Bhūr-loka became synonymous with the
land, a plain on which the normal humans lived; while Bhuvar and Swar came to
be known as some kind of celestial plains where the mythical superhuman beings
like the gods existed. The rivers – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sindhu</i>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Saraswati</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sarayu</i> were the focus of this human habitat … </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Bhūr-loka</span></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Let us start with the identification
of this Bhūr-loka in the prehistoric archaeological milieu. </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtBSTivFSgGrMYbCodt50GhyphenhyphentrIfVmLSI6EGBTEqjGU4k1hxDe1vgz1gmWuc_melzzcT95CuW0EDM5t0GkdkFW62_mtCZY-LOdXFeuu4wTNz3ENSDYBAaf_y4gxWLQU_1Ms__EuCVH-D4l/s1600/Riparian+Map+4500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtBSTivFSgGrMYbCodt50GhyphenhyphentrIfVmLSI6EGBTEqjGU4k1hxDe1vgz1gmWuc_melzzcT95CuW0EDM5t0GkdkFW62_mtCZY-LOdXFeuu4wTNz3ENSDYBAaf_y4gxWLQU_1Ms__EuCVH-D4l/s400/Riparian+Map+4500.jpg" width="287" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">We know where <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sindhu</i> is. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Saraswati</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> is no more a speculation.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">But, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sarayu</i> is an enigma. I would like to point at a Rigvedic legend
much touted in later epics…</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“It was on the banks of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Harayūpiya</i>, Indra killed hundred priests
called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vrichivats</i>”, says Rigveda. Rāmāyana
mentions the legend of Viswāmitra killing a hundred of Vasishṭa’s sons at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hariyūpa</i>. They were called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vālashikhas</i>. Sudas killed a hundred <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vaikarnéyas</i> on the banks of the river <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Parushni</i>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vālashikhas</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Varashikhas</i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vaikarnéyas</i> belong to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vāsishṭa</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gōtra</i>. All these above legends allude to one single incident in the
remembered past. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">We know Parushni is the ancient name
of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rāvi</i> on whose bank we find
Harappa. Therefore, it is possible that the original <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sarayu/Harayu</i> is none other than the river Rāvi. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The three principal rivers – Sindhu,
Sarayu & Saraswati – were Indus, Rāvi and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Saraswati (whose upper tributary was Sutlej). The riparian map of Punjab
probably looked like this…</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It was here the first native
agrarian communities had established themselves and called their habitat
drained by the three rivers as Bhūr-loka. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Bhuvar-loka</span></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It
was the land of the ancestors. Those, who were looked up to. There are two names
that crop up – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vasus</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pitris</i>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pitris</i>
is just a synonym for the ancestors. I have – in my earlier post – speculated
upon the possible association of the original builders of Neolithic communities
in the upper Zhob region with the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vasus</i>.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="http://saipapineni.blogspot.in/2012/08/finding-mount-meru.html"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://saipapineni.blogspot.in/2012/08/finding-mount-meru.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">These
inhabitants of Bhuvar-loka had reciprocal relationship with the dwellers of Bhūr-loka
– as benefactors and receivers of annual tribute. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Swar-loka</span></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It’s
called the abode of the gods. Rigveda calls it by the name ‘<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Divi’</i></b>.
Three sets of superhuman beings occupied this sphere in successive periods.
They were <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gandharvas</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Asuras</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dévas</i>. Clues to the identification of this region lay in the
various legends about its original occupants – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gandharvas</i>. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Who
are they? </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Rigveda
calls them <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Divya Gandharvas</i>, meaning <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gandharvas</i> of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Divi</i>. They are the beings of the night. They came in their winged craft
with the background of setting sun, their amphorae filled with intoxicating <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sura</i> and rejuvenating ambrosia. Their
women <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Apsaras</i> accompanied them, the
nymphs of water with floral garlands bouncing on their naked breast to their
gyrations to the tunes of divine music of their lute playing singers. They are
free spirits unrestricted by the norms that governed the common folk. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">I want to draw a parallel … the
experiences of those early explorers of 19<sup>th</sup> century who described
the islands of the South Pacific – the Polynesian society. We know from the
anthropological sources that the early migration route taken by the native
populations of the Pacific islands had passed through the subcontinent.
Remnants of these cultures still exist among the hill tribes of the region –
speakers of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Munda</b> language group. </span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWAMqHPXDuxsHdasI7O2V9cQcwXtBeTDperBMWJ7kR6hucXpYZdL-wIiG4NVp2tN0rcep9fcqNyr98ARGvogB2o6bnWz8ATNzGlv3PYW0zVHJJaEJCYlbmoNpp5X6k7G8yiO1zQmr5Ctiq/s1600/Trilokas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWAMqHPXDuxsHdasI7O2V9cQcwXtBeTDperBMWJ7kR6hucXpYZdL-wIiG4NVp2tN0rcep9fcqNyr98ARGvogB2o6bnWz8ATNzGlv3PYW0zVHJJaEJCYlbmoNpp5X6k7G8yiO1zQmr5Ctiq/s400/Trilokas.jpg" width="281" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Legends
have it that the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gandharvas</i> were
evicted from their original homes by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Asuras</i>
and they fled to the hills. The most populous <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Munda</i> tribes are still known by names such as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Khonds, Gonds</i> etc. Ramayana recollects that the Lanka was ruled by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kubéra</i>, the overlord of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gandharvas</i> who had to relinquish his
control to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rāvan</i> and relocate himself
at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alaka</i> near Méru. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gandharvas</i> and their women, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Apsaras</i> were the children of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nārāyana</i>, the original ancestor who had
his floating abode in the waters of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nāra</i>.
The dancing girl bronze of Mohenjodaro has strong Austric features. The early
levels of Kot Diji, Dholavira, Amri and Chanhudaro show distinct polychrome
designs, indicating a lively lifestyle, as compared to the staid unadorned
pottery of the later phases. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Divi</i> is
synonymous with ‘island’ in most Munda and Dravidian languages. Lanka is an
island. ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ganda’</i> means ‘Man’ in many
Dravidian languages. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">All
these point to a vibrant native culture that had existed in the lower Indus
region – where the rivers split into a myriad of distributaries creating many
islands and oxbow lakes – drawing subsistence from the bounty of the river. No
wonder, the eastern stream of Indus delta is even today known by the name ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nāra</i>’. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">We
may conclude that primarily these three streams of people – the three <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lokas</i> – with distinct cultural
backgrounds constituted the builders of the first urban civilization. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">For
now it should suffice to say that the idea of Jambudwipa came into being only
after the integration of early Neolithic peoples into a singular urban culture
and the resultant need for an identity as opposed to the Upper Paleolithic
people that surrounded it. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gāyatri</i>
mantra was instituted as an instrument of recruitment into this emerging
culture. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The
integration had taken place sometime later. The spark that had ignited this
process and the resultant worldview that had developed will be discussed in my
next post.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFC000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">Until then... </span></span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-15295655892825841872012-09-20T21:29:00.001+05:302012-09-21T07:00:04.494+05:30Bamboo - A Disaster Waiting to Happen!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bamboo - A Disaster Waiting to
Happen<span></span><span></span></span></span></span></h2>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Last weekend I was driving back from
Coimbatore to Bangalore after a round of golf. Instead of the regular highway,
I took a detour – had lunch at Ooty and drove through the Nilagiri Biosphere
that includes Madhumalai on Tamil Nadu side of the border and Bandipur in
Karnataka. Of course Wynad in Kerala lay to the west and out of my route. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Even though the forests in each of
these states are named differently, they are one singular entity. The life
which depends on the forest doesn’t recognize the borders. But the departments
that report to the authorities in Madras and Bangalore manage their territories
differently, resulting in a striking difference in their appearance.</span></span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrfgV6zBGn4AHADX2YEkw31B9ZOzjaOlVRmfOXm2CD2NjrS3C626CpsyVHNzsZo_W_vhod8AjIPPDjdmeutaJq3mAmYSG7ecSoGZ7P9oks_JoKNMcRojuOfnXzrbSiAtvfTnOBeVP_bAg8/s1600/2012-09-18+17.01.57.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrfgV6zBGn4AHADX2YEkw31B9ZOzjaOlVRmfOXm2CD2NjrS3C626CpsyVHNzsZo_W_vhod8AjIPPDjdmeutaJq3mAmYSG7ecSoGZ7P9oks_JoKNMcRojuOfnXzrbSiAtvfTnOBeVP_bAg8/s320/2012-09-18+17.01.57.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Madumalai - No Bamboo in sight</span></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was a rude shock to the eyes
looking at the profusion of Bamboo on the Karnataka side. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You may ask, “Why should it shock
you? Bamboo is a species that grows wild in the forests and why should anyone
try to interfere with natural selection?”</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Here, let me explain. If the
principle of natural selection has to run its course, there won’t be any
forests left in any part of India.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>According to 2010 census, there are 3.5 humans living in every hectare
of Indian Territory; and if you go back a hundred years, it was the other way
around – one human being per every 3.5 hectares. Without governmental
intervention, there would have been a complete wipe out of forest cover in
India. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Let me throw some statistics at you…
Present forest cover is around 20% of the total land in India. This includes
any small bit of land – a hectare or more – with a minimum of 10% tree cover.
The forests as we know that host diverse wild life – like the Tiger Reserves –
constitute less than 3% of the land. The size and the fact that huge distances exist between these bits
of thick forest negate their sustenance if they are left without positive
intervention.</span></span></span><br />
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Bandipur - Unculled Bamboo</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Our so called populist environment
groups that advocate non interference of the government agencies and the
involvement of local people in the management of forests only play into the grasping hands of local
interest groups. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Even the movements like Chipko, though outwardly
conservationist, only boil down to the protection of local
peoples’ rights to exploit the forests. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On the other hand, the bureaucracy
has lost its values and the official is hand in glove with the unscrupulous
politician businessmen nexus exploiting the land with no concern for
conservation. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But bureaucracy is a necessary evil. If we have to preserve our
nature’s diversity for the future generations, a proactive bureaucracy is the
only resort. </span></span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFKlQ06uocIEeXUT9aV51pqOWm-besRLf_UMKgeco2xH25P_3IOwLMlN3SiUQToaHQltna4-YQA-9q3g3MHm27lANe3btlVISsgTG4r-T0vWLHcVP-zdB_jH7g_vQbuOUs4wuaQ-czg6Xx/s1600/2012-09-18+17.17.34.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFKlQ06uocIEeXUT9aV51pqOWm-besRLf_UMKgeco2xH25P_3IOwLMlN3SiUQToaHQltna4-YQA-9q3g3MHm27lANe3btlVISsgTG4r-T0vWLHcVP-zdB_jH7g_vQbuOUs4wuaQ-czg6Xx/s320/2012-09-18+17.17.34.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Bandipur - Bamboo Everywhere </span></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Now, let me get back to Bamboo. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karnataka has a gory history of
uncontrolled forest fires, especially in recent past. I don’t want to get into the debate
now about the agencies that triggered these. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Normally, dry Bamboo rustling in the
pre-monsoon wind has been the most import natural trigger of forest fires. Once the
fire is started, Bamboo is a sustaining torch that burns long and strong. The
worst is yet to come. Bamboo shoot - </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">with its air chambers - </span></span></span>is a natural explosive with each blast carrying the embers across a radius of 300 meters, and more
with the assistance of hard blowing summer wind. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Any proactive forest department
would try and control the proliferation of Bamboo. It has been a practice since
the beginning of the century. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">While the department and the
politicians that control wait for some paper or pulp manufacturer
to pay them suitable bribes before culling the Bamboo, another series of disasters
are waiting to happen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some right thinking
bureaucrats should take initiative and avert the calamity. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Let's see....</span><span></span><span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-89737224990727284892012-09-05T14:29:00.000+05:302012-10-09T04:17:47.193+05:30Corporate Social Responsibility – Through Ages<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Corporate Social Responsibility –
Through Ages</span></u></b><br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">- Sai Papineni </span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f1c232; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f1c232; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Great Depression had
brought into focus a few lacunae in the system and forced the intelligentsia to
look closely at the capitalist ideal; and the concept of Corporate Social
Responsibility had its genesis; a concept made popular by the management
thinkers like Drucker in mid 20<sup></sup>th Century. In India the word began
to make rounds very recently – of course, true capitalism here is a new, post-liberalization
phenomenon – but is it really new to us? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f1c232; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If one explores various
phases of India’s long and illustrious history, there are many phases during
which welfare activities were undertaken by the the mercantile and industrial enterprises. But the social
processes and particularly the parlance differed significantly from what we
understand it as today. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f1c232; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f1c232; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Let us simplify the term CSR into easily comprehensible
words…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f1c232; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f1c232; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Voluntary
alienation of one’s wealth for the general good of many”</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f1c232; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f1c232; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This may not explain
the concept in its entirety, but it should suffice for now. The contexts, the
motivations and the priorities differed from time to time. However, in this
simplified form, it is not new to India from the earliest times known. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f1c232; text-align: justify;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dāna</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>
</b>is a term well known from the earliest literary tradition available to us – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rig Veda</i>. The number of instances, of a
wealthy patron – a warlord or a landlord –, giving away cattle or gold or some
such movable tokens of wealth to the officiating priests at the sacrifices,
abound in the Vedic tradition. The size of these donations preempts their
enjoyment by a single individual or a family; they were essentially meant for
the community benefit and differ from the mandatory taxes such as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bali</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bhāga</i>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f1c232; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The concept of taxing
the business as a means to state led welfare schemes is part and parcel of
civilized societies from the times immemorial. When a strong welfare state
exists, the focus on CSR becomes irrelevant. The focus on the direct
contribution of non-government institutions, therefore, is inversely
proportional to the people’s confidence in state-led welfare processes. In the
occident, the church became the agent of welfare and the tithes a means for the
welfare of the parish. Its prominence increased with the weakening state
authority during the dark ages. Its Indian parallel is the rise of temples as
nuclei of rural communities. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f1c232; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Therefore, religious
sanction to the endowments made by commercial institutions and wealthy individuals
has been a fact that persisted through ages in different social and religious
milieu. The individual motivation remains the same, “Donor acquires merit (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Puṇya</i>) and also material wealth (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Artha</i>) in one’s lifetime”. Is it in
reality different from the motivations of a modern corporation? To me they are
essentially the same – a long-term image building for the corporate brand and
improved economic conditions leading to a stronger customer base.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f1c232; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Now, if you look back
at the historical times, one may argue that the purpose of donations had
nothing to do with the welfare of people, even though they might have had
indirectly contributed to the community benefit. However, there is no denying
the fact that some literary and epigraphic records do establish that the donors
were conscious of the purpose for which the donatives were made.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #e69138; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #e69138; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">A later codicil of the <b><i>Mahabharata</i></b>
story, the <i>Anusāsanika Parva</i>,
differentiates <i>dānas</i> into two distinct
types – <i>Işṭa</i> & <i>Pūrta</i>. While the <i>Işṭa</i> <i>dāna</i> is a honorarium
for officiating a ritual, the <i>Pūrta dāna</i>
was specifically towards such activities like digging wells, repairing
irrigation tanks and building of temples. While <i>Işṭa</i> <i>dāna</i> is mandatory,
the <i>Pūrta dāna</i> is voluntarily made by
the Landlord / Merchant. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #e69138; color: #990000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #e69138; color: #990000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Arthashāstra</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">
is a manual on statecraft representing a strong unitary state – probably 2000
years old – and primarily deals with the welfare initiatives that are state led.
A modest provision in its tax collection and administration code gives
discretion to the collectors to waive the duties if the articles of trade are
meant for community benefit, indirectly pointing to the fact that such
practices had taken place even though at a low key. </span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #e69138; color: #990000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Vinaya piṭaka</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">,
from the Buddhist canon mentions such terms as <i>Shréni, Puga, Nigama</i> etc. which denote corporate organizations or
guilds that are engaged in industry and trade. There were references of such
guilds providing regular supplies of food and clothing not only to the monks,
but also to the destitute and the disabled. </span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #e69138; color: #990000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">There are several <b>inscriptions</b> of early historic period referring to wealthy persons
investing in guilds towards some pious endowments, the interest from the
investments to be utilized for the needy and towards improving public
amenities. For example, an inscription from <b>Junnar</b> refers to an investment with one <i>Konachika</i> guild for the purpose of planting <i>karanja</i> and banyan trees on the highways. </span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #e69138; color: #990000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Dharmāta</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">,
the practice of setting aside a part of the profit margin towards some pious
activity is followed even today by the most traditional Jain and Marwadi
business houses in India; a practice
that had its origins in the earliest Jain literature dating back to the pre-Christian
times.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #e69138; color: #990000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Sharia</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">,
the Islamic law book institutionalized the process, by making it mandatory for
every pious businessman to set aside a portion of his income towards alms for
the poor and the destitute.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #e69138; color: #990000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #e69138; color: #990000; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Medieval texts list <b><i>Sapta Santānas</i></b>, seven
kinds of progeny – the legacies one may leave to improve one's merit afterlife –
and these are namely, Rest house, Irrigation tank, Book, House, Temple, Orchard and New Village Settlement. A large number of inscriptions spread across the country, belonging
to this period, evidence contributions made by the wealthy merchants and
manufacturing groups towards such activities like building, maintenance and
repair of community infrastructure. </span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1c232; color: #990000; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f1c232; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: #f1c232;">This brings us to the
fact that the Oriental affinity to contribute a part of the wealth towards the
general welfare of the community is very much alive even today. During the
years of colonial high tide, the institutional endowments dwindled as the
economy suffered. But the instinct was internalized at an individual level, which
is evident from the number of alms-seekers at every traffic junction in India.
At the institutional level the</span>re certainly is a discontinuity. With the rise of
modern enterprise and businesses, and the growing disenchantment with state
apparatus, a need exists to channelize this proclivity into effective
strategies to address the current social needs and priorities. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f1c232; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But … how true is our
current crop of NGOs to this purpose?</span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-48624647975422688922012-08-31T01:55:00.000+05:302012-08-31T01:55:27.198+05:30ఒక బెంగుళూరు తెలుగు కథ<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<u><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">పగలూ ... రాత్రీ ...</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">ఐదారేళ్ళ క్రితం అనుకుంటా ... కోరమంగళా క్లబ్బు పార్కింగ్ లాట్</span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Vani","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">లో</span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;"> జాగాలేదు. ‘రోజూ ఇదే తొందర’ అని వా</span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Vani","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">చ్</span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">మన్ మీద విసుక్కుంటూ ఎలాగోలా మారుతీ కారుని రెండు పెద్ద బండ్లమధ్య ఇరికించి హడావిడిగా
బార్ కౌంటర్ వైపు నడిచాను. ఆల్రెడీ ఎయిట్ ‘త</span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Vani","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">ర్</span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">స్టీ’ ... సాయంకాలం దాహం తీర్చుకునే టైమ్. రెడ్డిగారు మామూలుగానే కార్నర్లో ఉన్న
బార్ స్టూల్ పైన చేతిలోని మెక్డోవెల్ బ్రాందీ గ్లాసువంక దీర్ఘంగా చూస్తూ కూర్చొని ఉన్నాడు.
ఆతడిని పలకరించడం సుద్ద వేస్టు. రాత్రి పదింటికి మూడవ పెగ్గు పడ్డాకే అతడి నోరు పెగుల్తుంది.
ఇద్దరమూ ఆ కౌంటర్ వద్ద రెగ్యులర్ కస్టమర్లమే. అక్కడ ఎంతోమంది కూర్చోరు. లాన్ టేబుల్సూ</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, <span lang="TE">ఏసీ బారూ మాత్రం బిజీగా ఉంటాయి. రోజూ ఒకేచోట కూర్చుంటున్నా మేమిద్దరం
ఒకళ్ళతో ఒకళ్ళం మాట్లాడుకున్నది చాలా అరుదు. కానీ ఆరోజు నేను లేటుగా రావడం</span>,
<span lang="TE">రెడ్డిగారి రెండో పెగ్గు కాస్త త్వరగా పూర్తిచేయడంతో బాతాఖానీలో పడక
తప్పలేదు. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"ఏమప్పా రోజూ ఈడనే సూస్తూ ఉండానూ ... ఏడా కల్సా</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">?" <span lang="TE">అంటూ రెడ్డిగారే సంభాషణ మొదలెట్టాడు. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"ఇక్కడే సార్</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, <span lang="TE">ఆర్కియాలజీ సర్వేలో సూపర్నెంట్" జవాబిచ్చాను.
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"అయ్యో అట్లాంగా</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">? <span lang="TE">అంటే హిస్టరీ ఎమ్యే అసంటిదేదో సేసి ఉండుణ్టావ్"</span>,
<span lang="TE">అని చప్పరించాడు. "ఈ కాలంలో మంచిగా ఏ డాక్టరో</span>, <span lang="TE">ఇంజనీరో చదువకుంటే ఏదీ లాభం ఉండేదిలే". </span></span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">నాకు కాస్త చిరాకేసినా</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, <span lang="TE">ఏదో పెద్దముండాకొడుకులే అని నిదానించుకుని</span>,
"<span lang="TE">ఎమ్యే మాత్రమే కాదులేండి సార్</span>, <span lang="TE">ఆర్కియాలజీలో
పీహెచ్డీ కూడా చేసాను ... ఏదో కాస్త పరవాలేదు లేండి"</span>, <span lang="TE">అని
నన్ను నేనే సమాధానపెట్టుకుంటూ జవాబిచ్చాను.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"ఐనా వేస్ట్. చూడ్డానికి తెలివుండా లైఫంతా వేస్ట్ సేసుణ్డావ్ గాదప్పా</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">?<span lang="TE">" అంటూ చేతిలోని గ్లాసుని కౌంటరుమీద మోదడంతో ‘అది అతడి మూడో
పెగ్గు మాత్రమే కాదేమో’ అన్న అనుమానం వచ్చింది. "మా సిన్నోడు సూడు ... ఆర్యీసీ
సూరత్కల్లులో మెరిట్ సీటు వచ్చుండాది. ఇందాన్కనే ఫోన్ సేసిణ్డాడు"</span>, <span lang="TE">గ్లాసు ఎత్తి దానిలోని బ్రాందీని ఒక్క గుక్కలో గొంతులో పోసుకుని</span>, <span lang="TE">బా</span></span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Vani","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">ర్</span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">మన్</span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Vani","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">తో </span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"షెట్టరే... వన్ మోర్ రిపీట్" అని నావంక చూస్తూ</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, "<span lang="TE">నీదేమప్పా డ్రింకు</span>? <span lang="TE">టుడే ఆల్ సెలెబ్రేషన్స్</span>,
<span lang="TE">వన్ మోర్</span>?"<span lang="TE"></span></span></div>
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<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"థాంక్యూ సార్</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, <span lang="TE">కంగ్రాట్స్" అంటూ షెట్టీ అందించిన రాయల్
ఛాలెంజ్ అందుకున్నాను</span>, <span lang="TE">ఫ్రీ డ్రింకు ఎందుకు కాదనాలి</span>?
"<span lang="TE">సో ... మీరేమి చేస్తారు సార్</span>?" <span lang="TE">ఏదో
ఫార్మాలిటీగా అడిగాను. దానితో మొదలయింది</span>, <span lang="TE">గంటన్నరసేపు ఏకధాటిగా
అతడి జీవితచరిత్ర అంతా ... బెంగుళూరు ప్రక్కనే ఆనెకల్లులో పుట్టి</span>, <span lang="TE">మైసూరులో పాలిటెక్నిక్ చేసి</span>, <span lang="TE">ఎనభైలో మైకో కంపెనీలో ఫోర్మ</span></span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Vani","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">న్</span><span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">గా ఉద్యోగంలో చేరి</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, <span lang="TE">అప్పటికి
ఇంకో ఐదేళ్ళలో రిటైరవుతాడనగా డిప్యూటీ మ్యానేజర్ అయ్యాడు. ముగ్గురు పిల్లలు. పెద్దది
ఆడపిల్ల</span>, <span lang="TE">ఎమ్బీబీయెస్ మూడో సంవత్సరం. రెండవవాడు సరే ఇంజనీరింగులో
సీటు వచ్చింది. ఇక మూడవవాడి గురించే అతడి బెంగ. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"ఏడ బుట్టిణ్డో ... అంతా మా ఆడోళ్ళ పోలిక. సిన్నప్పడ్నించీ సైన్సు మీన ద్యాస
ఉండ్లా. పీయూసీ సేస్తుణ్డాడు. కాలేజీకి పోయేద్లే</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, <span lang="TE">పగలూ ... రాత్రీ ... ఏవత్తు సూసిన్డా ఆ స్నూకర్ పార్లర్లోనో ఇల్లణ్టే ఇంటర్నెట్
కాఫేలోనో... ఏంసేసేటికీ అంతుబట్టట్లే..." అంటూ చాలాసేపు వాపోయిన మాట మాత్రం ఇంకా
గుర్తుంది.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">ఆ తరువాత క్లబ్బులో చాలాసార్లు కనిపించినా</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, <span lang="TE">అతడి ధ్యాసలో
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">---</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">కానీ... ఇవాళ ఏమయ్యిందో నన్ను చూడగానే ఉత్సాహంగా ఎదురొచ్చాడు. "ఏమప్పా</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">? <span lang="TE">చాలా రోజులైనాది నీతో మాటాడి. ఏను బేకు</span>? <span lang="TE">స్కాచ్</span>?" <span lang="TE">అంటూ భుజంమీద చెయ్యివేసి బార్ వైపు కదిలాడు.
"షెట్టరే ... ఎరడు టీచర్స్" అంటూ బార్ స్టూల్ మీద బైఠాయించాడు. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"ఏంసార్</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, <span lang="TE">చాలా ఉత్సాహంగా ఉన్నారు</span>? <span lang="TE">ఏమిటి విశేషం</span>?"<span lang="TE"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"ఏముత్సాహంలేయప్పా... రిటైరయుండ్లా. ఇదే ఓన్లీ టైంపాసూ"</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"ఓహో</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">? <span lang="TE">ఎన్నాళ్ళయింది</span>? <span lang="TE">మీ చిల్డ్రన్
ఇప్పుడు ఏంచేస్తున్నారో</span>?"<span lang="TE"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"వోకె... ఇప్పుడే సిన్నోడు నన్నీడ దిగబెట్టి పోయిణ్డాడు. నైట్ డ్యూటీస్
... ఉదయాన్నే వస్తాడు. పగలెల్లా ఇంటికాడే ఉండినా</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">, <span lang="TE">ఏందో పనులు</span>, <span lang="TE">ఫోన్లు. నమ్మల్కి ఏనూ కల్సాయే ఇల్ల. ఈడ్నించి
పోయేటికి కూడా పర్మనెంటు ఆటో అరేంజి మాడిన్డాడు ... నో డ్రింక్ అండ్ డ్రైవు ... ఎల్లా
వాణి రూల్సు ప్రకారమే పోవాలె ... హెహెహె"</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"మరి మీ డాటర్ ... </span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">?"<span lang="TE"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"ఆహ్ ... ఆయమ్మా</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">? <span lang="TE">పెళ్ళిసేసి పంపించిణ్డాం. ఈడనే</span>, <span lang="TE">హోసూర్ ప్రక్కల్నే ఆళ్ళ అత్తోరూరు. అల్లుడాడ్నే ప్రాక్టీసు సేస్తుండు. ఏం ప్రాక్టీస్లేయప్పా
... ఆయమ్మ పీజీకి అయిణ్డ కర్చు తీరేటికి పాతికేళ్ళు పట్టుడ్ది. నా గ్రాట్యుటీలో సగం
దానికే బట్టిణ్డె. సిన్నోడు నాకాడ్ణే ఉండె ... అదికే స్వల్ప రిలీఫు..."</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"సూరత్కల్లులో కదా ఇంజనీరింగ్ చేసాడు</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">? <span lang="TE">ఇప్పుడే
కంపనీలో ఉన్నాడు</span>?"<span lang="TE"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"అదా...</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">? <span lang="TE">ఆడు గాదప్పా ... ఆడు పెద్దోడు. పోయినేడే ఎంటెక్
అయ్యిణ్డె. నాయప్ప కూతుర్కే ఇచ్చి జేసుండాం. మద్రాసులో ఏదో కంపనీలో సేస్తుండు. ఆడి
జీతం ఆడ్నే సరిపడ్లా. సిన్నోడు నాకాడ్ణ ఉండాడు గన్క సరిపోయె ..."</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"అంటే ... మీ చిన్నకొడుకా</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">? <span lang="TE">ఏమీ చదవకుండా
స్నూకరూ</span>, <span lang="TE">ఇంటర్నెట్టని తిరిగే వాడన్నట్లు గుర్తు</span>? <span lang="TE">ఏం చదివాడేంటి</span>?"<span lang="TE"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">"వాణికి ఈ సదువులెందుకప్పా</span><span style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">? <span lang="TE">ఆడిది నా
పోలికె. ఆడే నూరుమందికి నేర్పుతుండాడు. కాగ్నిజెంట్ కంపనీలో అమెరికన్ లాంగ్వేజ్ ట్రైనర్.
రెండు లక్షలు జీతం. ఇణ్టి ఖర్చంతా ఆడే సూసుకుంటాణ్డు. ఆమైలే నాకు నెలకి క్లబ్బు ఖర్చులకి
ఇరవైవేలు ఇస్తాండు. అన్దుకేగదా స్కాచి తాగుతుండా ... హెహెహె... వన్ మోర్</span>?"<span lang="TE"></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="TE" style="font-family: "Gautami","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TE;">---</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-78717957483946965312012-08-29T20:34:00.000+05:302012-10-09T04:25:35.698+05:30Rewinding the Traditional Clock – Part II<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rewinding the Traditional Clock – Part II</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Geography of Jambudwipa Series</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Puranic king lists
are by no means infallible. Even if we take the eighteen majors, there are
enough inconsistencies to discard their evidence as flawed. However, Pargitar
analyzed their contents thoroughly and pushed the dependability of king-lists
to a date as early as 2200 BCE. Archeology places 2200 BCE at the zenith of
Harappan civilization. If the Puranic content holds good up to that point,
knowing that there existed a continuity of civilized life from the beginning of
4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">th </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">century BCE in the core area of Indus-Ghaggar region, it is not
unreasonable to assume 3100 BCE as the beginning of kingship in the region. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">See… <a href="http://saipapineni.blogspot.in/2012/08/rewinding-traditional-clock-part-i.html">Rewinding the Traditional Clock – Part I </a></span></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As stated earlier,
before I attempt to understand the political geography of the region, I would
like to continue with the process of identifying the markers on the
chronological thread…</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Circa
4500 BCE</span></u></b></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Atlanticum</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Paleo-climatologists
claim that in the mid fifth millennium BCE, a sudden cold and arid period came
about and had lasted for a few centuries. Its effect was felt in the entire
Near East, where isolated Neolithic human communities thrived. But, by around
4400 BCE, the flood plains of major rivers became the foci of nascent urban
civilizations – the Nile, Euphrates & Indus. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To understand this we
need to take off our Indiana Jones’ sun hats and put the thinking caps of
anthropologists. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Let us look at the
nascent subsistence processes – I mean – the basic sources of food for the
communities that had learned to manipulate the environment. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cultivator
– Upper Terraces</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Herdsman
– Plains </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fisherman – Rivers,
Islands and Coast</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Primitive cultivation
occurred on high terraces fed by runoffs and mountain springs. While the herdsman
roamed free in the plains and of course the fisherman lived near the rivers. Incidentally,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gāyatri</i> hymn clearly differentiates
three geographical loci – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bhur, Bhuvar,
Svar</i>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">During the dry, cold
and arid phase, which the climatologists call ‘Atlanticum’, the water table
dropped and the mountain springs dried up. Probably, it had driven some of them
closer to the perennial water sources. Exchange of ideas and material might
have caused the rise of settled complex societies in river valleys. Plough, pack
animals, manure, dykes and canals, boat, wheel … we can list many such
innovations which appeared, in this area, around this period. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As a logical extension
organized socio-political processes, as we understand today, also must have had
their beginning in these times. Other important contributor to the awareness of
geography to grow was the process of surplus redistribution. Rivers and pack
animals reduced distances expanding the habitat; and providing names and identities
to the surrounding landscape is but natural. Probably it was the first time the
conceptualization of Jambudwipa had occurred. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Assuming that we are on
the right track, we need to get the picture of the principal people/peoples who
inhabited these river valleys; and try to identify that part of the traditional
lore that matches those peoples. Any references to the others who lived beyond
the pale of this core community may give us clues to the communities that
preexisted. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Was this process as
smooth as I have shown? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What were the
adversities? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ṚgVeda doesn’t
initially label <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Asuras</i> as some
demonic foreigners but treats them as real native lords. And, the descriptions
of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vritra</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hiranya Kasyapa, Bali, Taraka</i> and his sons; and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sambara</i> show them as kings of the cities
which existed near major rivers. The people we are concerned with are those who
had overcome these antithetical forces when they settled in the land of three
principal rivers – Sindhu, Saraswati and Sarayu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Let me build a scenario
– fraught with the danger of rubbing two juxtaposed ideologies on the wrong
sides. In a way what I attempt is a middle ground that they do not want to
approach. It is a risk, I am willing to take as I have no professional/academic
boss to tell me … “You either fall in line or perish”. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Let us assume that the
availability of cattle and manure helped the cultivator to graduate from hoe
based shift agriculture to settled farming in the flood plains. As a natural
corollary he became the master of the surplus. He called himself the
plough-wielder – after the local root for plough ‘Ar’. There are many cognates to
this word in ‘agrARIAN’ terms – Area, Arable etc. The Dravidian ‘Ar’
(ploughshare), Araka (plough), Arisé (Rice). </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What is the earliest
word in the world lexicon that implied ‘nobility’? Ārya!</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">He became the master of
the … </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Manor
– Griha – Grihapati – Gahapati</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Land – Viś – Viś-pati –
Vaiśya</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">While the land was
communally held and immovable, cattle became an easily exchangeable commodity,
or even a token of value. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Social stratification
is an essential ingredient for political power or to the rise of nobility. And,
this nobleman had conceded equal status only to those who gave him protection –
from the natural elements and the greedy neighbor – priest and warrior. New
entrants were freely recruited into this community, and their skills determined
their status. Those with the lowest bargaining power became the servants. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A familiar scenario...</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Its remnants survived
into pre-Buddhist era in the tribal republics muddling the timelines. But, if
we agree that a complex statecraft had existed during the Harappan context, the
above scenario might have preceded it. Therefore, I propose to look for
geographical clues associated with that social milieu – Agrarian ṚgVedic – for
the period preceding the emergence of kingship and a unified urban civilization. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Circa
6500 BCE</span></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There are multiple foci
for the early Neolithic cultures that emerged in this region. Mehrgarh probably
is the earliest as far as the archaeological evidence goes. If you look at the
map of early farming cultures, most of them are concentrated in the hilly
regions of Quetta Valley and the hills off Makran coast in Baluchistan. Few
exceptions are Amri on lower Indus and Rehman Dheri on upper Indus. The early
farming communities are generally to the west of the core civilization area. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">These were the people
who carried the technology – that of domestication of plant and animal – and
probably the language or languages that shaped the latter language families.
Prof. Colin Renfrew asserts that Indo-European languages emerged in Levant and
spread to the sub-continent along with the spread of Neolithic technology. It
is a fair assumption, but – with due respect – if the Neolithic levels of
Mehrgarh predate the sites like Catal Huyuk, Naveli Cori and Jericho; the
opposite direction is equally possible. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Assuming that the
Neolithic peoples had arrived at the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Meru</i>
from the west, Anabasis’ assertion that Dionysius arrived in 6363 BCE was
probably based on the native memories of that event. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In my earlier post, I
have speculated on the location of Mt. Meru in the Hindukush range based on
some mythical beliefs retained in the tradition and equated <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vasus</i> with early farming people. (Probably
the reason for it to became fashionable by the Mahabharata times for the two
leading lineages – Bharatas through Bhishma, and Yadavas – to claim their
descent from these mythical Vasus.) See… <a href="http://saipapineni.blogspot.in/2012/08/finding-mount-meru.html">Finding Mount Meru </a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There are other
super-human beings that existed at the periphery of human habitat. Other than
the two principal players, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Devas</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Asuras</i>, there is a multitude of mythical
beings – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yakshas, Gandharvas, Nagas</i>
etc. whose cultural attributes place them in upper Paleolithic milieu. Though
the canvas of geographical references is wide and amorphous, there may be some
specific clues for us to speculate upon. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The task, I must take
up in my next post …</span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-87749783038620287632012-08-20T21:14:00.000+05:302012-08-20T21:22:35.916+05:30Rewinding the Traditional Clock – Part I<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="background-color: #ffe599;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rewinding the Traditional Clock – Part I</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Geography of Jambudwipa Series</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Change is constant.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As we know it, the
political map of the world has never remained the same even for a year. Any
speculation based on the assumption that it had remained unchanging for a span
of a few thousand years – during the subcontinent’s prehistoric civilization – will
of course be hollow. Here, I want to acknowledge my newly found friend, Harish
Gala for providing the necessary trigger when he commented on my earlier post,
‘Finding Mount Méru’. Check link: </span><a href="http://saipapineni.blogspot.in/2012/08/finding-mount-meru.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://saipapineni.blogspot.in/2012/08/finding-mount-meru.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Before we begin
exploring the various clues that exist in the traditional lore, I will secure
myself in some reasonably undisputable pointers. Archaeology provides a sequence,
which we shall examine first. Instead of speculating on ‘who’s first’, I am giving
a broad timetable of events below.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="background-color: #ffe599; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 9.9pt;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DATE</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">EVENT</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.5pt;" valign="top" width="294"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PLACES</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">9000
BP</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Holocene</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.5pt;" valign="top" width="294"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8000
BP</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Appearance
of Neolithic Cultures</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.5pt;" valign="top" width="294"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mehrgarh,
Catal Huyuk, Jericho etc.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6500
BP</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Chalcolithic
Urban Centers</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.5pt;" valign="top" width="294"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Indus
Valley, Euphrates, Nile basin etc</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5100
BP</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bronze
Age</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.5pt;" valign="top" width="294"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Indian
Subcontinent, Mesopotamia, Egypt</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2500
BP</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Classical
Age</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.5pt;" valign="top" width="294"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">India,
Persia, Greece</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The historic period in
the neighboring Mesopotamia and Egypt begins with the Bronze Age Civilizations
there. Thanks to the libraries of Assurbanipal and the clay tablets of Egypt,
these civilizations have an acceptable chronological framework. But, the
subcontinent has no such luck. Here, the records available are oral,
susceptible to revision by their custodians. Therefore, any attempt at
reconstructing the past based on these oral traditions will always be mired in
controversy. A predicament we cannot escape, but nevertheless we shall continue
to endeavor and try not to be driven by ideological and political agenda, but
stick to reasonable reason and be open to similar views from others.
Unfortunately, the temper and tenor of our scientists betray otherwise, causing
nonpartisan observers to look at even the most objective attempts with
suspicion. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Let me be forthright
with my stance. I am not a professional historian and this is not an academic
paper. My attempt here is purely speculative and has no scientific pretentions.
All that I hope is that some true historian may find inspiration from this and
postulates a logical hypothesis. Now that I am through with my disclaimer, let
me plough along…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Indian tradition
has contents which may be slotted into three broad overlapping compartments:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contemporary Experiences </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Memories of Events from the Past</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Myths of Supernatural and Extra-human Nature</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The final renditions of
the texts that we have today, belong to a period significantly recent compared
to the civilization, whose geography we set out to explore. And, to
differentiate and segregate, the myth from the past from the contemporary, from
the muddled narratives is certain to suffer from human judgmental bias. It’s
easy for any ‘scientist’ with known ideological or political leanings to pick
only those parts which are convenient to his argument and build his theory. We
cannot blame them because the source itself is imperfect and we have very
little irrevocable material evidence to fall back on. In a way, I attempt to do
the same and therefore refrain from calling this a hypothesis, but just a
speculation. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Firstly, I want to
identify a few time markers from archaeological and external sources to build
the matrices around them. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1500 BCE – Dates of Dwaraka </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2000 BCE – Regionalization of IVC</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2500 BCE – Mature IVC - Meluhha appears
in Akkadian context</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3100 BCE – Gilgamesh and Evidence of
flood at Suruppak. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4500 BCE – Climatic phase ‘Atlanticum’ -
Nascent urban sites in river valleys </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6363 BCE – Date given by Arrian for the
arrival of Dionysius in India. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Now, let me match the
traditional <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Puranic</i> data with the
above dates. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Circa
1500 BCE</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Bengal King List
mentions a gap of 1040 years between the First Recitation of Purānas and the
Coronation of the first king of Nanda dynasty, Mahāpadma. During the intervening
period, 22 Brāhatrātra, 5 Prādyota, 8 Saisunāga kings ruled in succession. There
were 9 Nandas who ruled after Mahāpadma. If we give each Nanda king a reign of 20
years which approximates with the length of reigns of various historic
dynasties, we may reasonably assume that Nandas ruled for 180 years. Therefore,
a total of 46 kings ruled between the reign of Janamejaya and Chandragupta
Maurya, who succeeded the last Nanda king, with an average length of 28 years
each – a length particularly long compared to historic averages but well within
reasonable limits. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: #ffe599; clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXqSyolR6-4FgO7L2teDB0Ad07zl1_-qN0vR4KHzV8ETzQH45jRCq8EQGC8lxGSlrJpFHvV-ppvrL7pdpRyA269tcCoOCMZRUT6H2M4_KyLUmLkEDAn0Au4j1Ig7hOGCS7__-4Vsuoezfm/s1600/Dwapara+King+List.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXqSyolR6-4FgO7L2teDB0Ad07zl1_-qN0vR4KHzV8ETzQH45jRCq8EQGC8lxGSlrJpFHvV-ppvrL7pdpRyA269tcCoOCMZRUT6H2M4_KyLUmLkEDAn0Au4j1Ig7hOGCS7__-4Vsuoezfm/s640/Dwapara+King+List.jpg" width="556" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">We are fairly sure of
the date of Maurya ascension – 321 BCE. Therefore, the traditional date of the first
recital falls on (320 BCE + 1040 + 180) 1540 BCE which approximates with mid
second millennium BCE. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This date happily
corresponds with the radiocarbon dates of Dwaraka, disappearance of Late
Harappan culture in Gujarat and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Doab</i> and
subsequent ruralization and isolation of urban centers in the subcontinent. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The tradition credits
Veda Vyāsa and his disciples, the contemporaries of Mahabharata war with the
final composition of Purānas and the compilation of ancient knowledge, in the
form of four separate Vedas and its annexures. No wonder the philologists’
dates of ṚgVeda also fall thereabouts. However, the memories and myths
contained in these compilations might have belonged to earlier contexts. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Assuming that circa
1500 belonged to the Mahabharata period we may attempt deciphering the
geography of the period based on the epic. However, the epic, as we inherited,
is encyclopediaic in nature. The specific references to the geography suffer
from being extrapolations of later times. A more conservative approach based on
the principal characters of the story, supported by archaeological knowledge
may give us an idea. I would like to leave it for my next post and confine
myself here to the task of building the chronological framework for that
purpose. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Circa
2000 BCE</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Before we venture into
the maze of Solar and Lunar king-lists, I would like to establish two basic
assumptions. See table. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Brihatbala a solar king and a direct
descendent of Rama, the protagonist of the epic, Ramayana, is supposedly a
contemporary of the heroes of Mahabharata war. Therefore, I assume that he lived
in circa 1500. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Secondly, I assume that – the basic
tenets of Yuga chronology – Ramayana and Mahabharata occurred towards the end
of Treta and Dwapara segments respectively. And, utilize the lists of solar
kings for the period earlier to Mahabharata instead of the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lunar kings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From Brihatbala to
Rama, there are 30 solar kings on the list. If we give an average reign of 18
years to each of them, taking into account a conservative life expectancy rate,
an interregnum of 540 years, places the period of Ramayana at the end of the
third millennium BCE. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Here, we must look at
two seminal themes in our tradition. One, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ramarajya</i></b> is remembered as the most
glorious phase of our past and the empire reached the maximum extent during
Rama’s reign. Second, the entire period is known for continuous conflict with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Asuras</i></b>,
whose presence ended with the reign of Rama. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It doesn’t take too long
to club Treta-Yuga with the Mature Harappan archaeological phase and presume
that Rama’s reign occurred at its end. Tradition also states that the sons of
Rama and Bharata established new territories and cities far away from the core
areas of the earlier empire, like Takshasila, Puskalavati, Kusalavati, Lavapuri
etc. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Therefore, when I
finally try to speculate on the extent of Jambudwipa; and the nature and names
of regions and towns within the Mature Harappan phase, due cognizance of this
fact will be taken. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Circa
3100 BCE</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In the beginning, there
was this flood. Legend has it that the first man, a king called Manu
established order in a land inundated by chaos, whose descendents ruled Jambudwipa.
Ikshvaku line of kings claimed descent from him and 60 generations came to pass
before Rama was born. A period of 1100 years places Manu in 3100 BCE. See
table. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: #ffe599; clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVidp2O_IrT9osAD9yJzyHOdnRsX42GjlGXSKTaBW2Dl_7FtqJcG9IHqrWnWF7ed8wF_sYxeAArItHcindNQF9_mYKW4WkFifdLQI5ZvIgzIPsDYoYoIrrs8eN0CWwHeRQFFkzGvFL51H6/s1600/Treta+King+List.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVidp2O_IrT9osAD9yJzyHOdnRsX42GjlGXSKTaBW2Dl_7FtqJcG9IHqrWnWF7ed8wF_sYxeAArItHcindNQF9_mYKW4WkFifdLQI5ZvIgzIPsDYoYoIrrs8eN0CWwHeRQFFkzGvFL51H6/s1600/Treta+King+List.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Interestingly, 3102 BCE
is the traditional date for the beginning of this era, given by Aryabhata.
Further, it coincides with the archaeological and Akkadian dates of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Suruppak</i> flood. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sagara 24<sup>th</sup>
king in this lineage is known to have conquered the entire land all the way to
the sea. His date falls somewhere in the middle of the third millennium, 2532 BCE,
and explains the beginning of the Mature Harappan archaeological context. The
hydrologists’ estimate based on satellite imagery and the data from groundwater
mapping suggests 2400BCE as the beginning of a riparian crisis – drying up of the
Saraswati. Bhagirath, great grandson of Sagara is famous for bringing the celestial
river to the earth. Is it a dramatized version of a folk memory of the
humungous effort to dig a channel to divert the waters of Sutlej to the old bed,
reviving the parched settlements? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Further, we may assume
that the people of Ayodhya coexisted or in conflict with another equally strong
people called Asuras with their own strongholds. If our task is to understand
the geography of the region, we may need to explore the territories of both the
Ikshwakus and their bête noir, the so called Rakshasas or Asuras. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Finally … Before I
attempt that …</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I would like to explore
the pre Harappan timelines (of 4500 & 6500 BCE) and try and associate them
with what our tradition has to offer. Of course, as we go deeper into the past,
memories turn into myths and we are constrained to find clues in irrational beliefs
and legends. Nevertheless, I shall endeavor in my next post: Rewinding the Traditional
Clock – Part II.</span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-57944058245208858982012-08-17T12:16:00.000+05:302012-08-17T12:16:09.813+05:30Stray dogs – Are they our best friends? <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Stray dogs</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Are they man's best friends? </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Exactly
six weeks are left for the Bangalore NGOs involved in the programme to combat
stray dogs to file an action-taken report<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>to the High Court as advised by the division bench headed by Chief
Justice Vikramajit Sen. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Deadline is September 27</span></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Status
as on date…. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The
other day, in the afternoon, I stepped out the Café that I visit regularly, to
take a nicotine break from my laptop keyboard. A school bus stopped and
offloaded a boy, ten years old or so. His home was just a few steps away, a hundred
metres, at the most. He surprised me by coming to me – a complete stranger –
with pleading eyes, “Uncle, could you walk with me upto my gate?” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Another
incident I vividly remember occurred, also a few days back. This was a pretty –
thirty or about – lady, dressed in a dignified saree. As she was parking the
scooty at the kerb, a few familiar strays wanted to make a sport of her. Scared,
she stepped backward tripped over her bike and fell with her splaying legs
pointed skyward. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">A
few weeks ago, I was on my way to the club for an early morning tee-off. There
was this gentle old man who had come recently to live with his son, who has a
flat in our block. He was a retired professor from Calicut University, whose
wife had recently passed away. A teacher respected by generations of pupils. He
was running towards my car, in his underwear, his traditional <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mundu</i> was snatched away by dogs. I took
him back to the basement car park, gave him a pair of my trousers from my
duffel and walked the frail old man to his flat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">All
these incidents occurred in front of my eyes, a good strike rate for our best
friends that prowl the street. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">I
love dogs. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">We
always had a string of them at home. I played with them, shared my thoughts
with them and cried when they departed. But when these incidents occurred, I
was overcome by rage, at these affronts to human dignity, and felt like Atticus
Finch in the novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird, stepping out of his home with a
shotgun. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Like
many Bangaloreans, I will also wait, for the deadline given by the court, and
earnestly hope that the NGOs come with a report, not another excuse requesting
us to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘svalpaa adjust maadi’</i>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Until
then have a few laughs, friends, read my earlier post, a short story – “The Day
of the Dog”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">http://saipapineni.blogspot.in/2012/07/day-of-dog.html</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-58616376478895996202012-08-11T10:44:00.000+05:302012-08-11T11:10:09.730+05:30Baabooo, yeh pablik hai ... yeh sab maangti hai...<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Yesterday … </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv0mB5qjh2GS_qzQb9qJx8L5UTIqoEtfQwghSE649SCLYpup9vT7aAQfQTNByTDlFjz2fZohpSrXdY3wAg7AHAwCOFhUZMUqpkOTRTFzBrU8zfkarwwWpWDGj_CKEJXruhj_9KCXoxOinI/s1600/yellow+fever.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv0mB5qjh2GS_qzQb9qJx8L5UTIqoEtfQwghSE649SCLYpup9vT7aAQfQTNByTDlFjz2fZohpSrXdY3wAg7AHAwCOFhUZMUqpkOTRTFzBrU8zfkarwwWpWDGj_CKEJXruhj_9KCXoxOinI/s400/yellow+fever.jpg" width="283" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A Day at KGA</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">I happened to bump into an old acquaintance at the bank. It
was late morning and as usual, I was in my shorts and t-shirt, straight out of
my morning game. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Havvaaryoo saar?</i>”
he said in thickly accented English as he came into the manager’s cabin and
promptly plunked himself into the chair next to me. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The manager immediately rose to shake his hands – surely he was
a very important customer – as even that small portion of his business which he
transacted through banks is substantial enough to make any bank manager jump
out of his comfortable seat. He was our local legislator and is well known for
developing a lot of under-utilized land. I smiled in response and pushed my
chair back from the desk, knowing that whatever discussion, I was engaged in,
had come to an abrupt end. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vaatt saar</i>, playing
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gulf</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aah</i>?” he said looking at the sun-burned legs sticking out of my shorts
and immediately followed up his query with another question, “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Verr saar, Chalaghatta clubbu, aah</i>?” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">“Huh ha … KGA”, I nodded. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">“Lucky people … you are, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saar</i>,
hundred acres … land … and you people … enjoying it”, he looked up at the
manager for his approval, who nodded promptly.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">“Right in the heart of the city and only a few has access to
it”, the manager said turning his tie knot and smiling affably, “the land can
be made into something useful for the public … like an entertainment complex…?”
he tapered off. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">“No … no, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saar</i>”, he
butted in quickly interrupting the manager, “You know … price of land …here?”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He paused digging his nostril with his little
finger, “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Crores</i>!”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">“So… what do you propose to do?” I asked him. Even though I
had tried to be genial, my eyes that were fixed on his little finger still busy
exploring for some elusive irritant, must have showed my contempt.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">“Anything <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saar</i> …
something useful, sorry. We can develop … lands into big IT Parks … housing
layouts … public <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saar</i> … for public.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">“How can you do that sir?” it was the manager interrupting
him. “It is a lake bed, isn’t it? If you convert all lakes into concrete
complexes …?” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vaat naansens saar</i>?”
he almost exploded. “Where … you live?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">“Cambridge Layout”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">“Ha ha hah … Own house <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aah</i>?”
he continued not acknowledging his perplexed nod, “So … you are living in … lake”
he laughed again. “Cambridge, Domlur Layouts, HAL Third … all these … lake beds
only, once upon a time. Population ... growing and we need <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lands</i> … <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saar</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vaat</i>?” he looked at me. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRSr3QQH5bKK-1PK52BzwiTTXIKt_IeJ4fre-oX0WKgk0-Gtyrat5sRFfSNO7w05swyMXS5A45Ej8Q7ZSjiTAXIiUy_6nyfltoNCE3WhdE-5niYx9v7mNRxLis58CzJzLS7TsvDbxNbyzX/s1600/Bellandur+Lake+Series.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRSr3QQH5bKK-1PK52BzwiTTXIKt_IeJ4fre-oX0WKgk0-Gtyrat5sRFfSNO7w05swyMXS5A45Ej8Q7ZSjiTAXIiUy_6nyfltoNCE3WhdE-5niYx9v7mNRxLis58CzJzLS7TsvDbxNbyzX/s400/Bellandur+Lake+Series.png" width="295" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hydrological map of East Bangalore</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">“Sound logic!” I smiled encouragingly. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">He must have thought that my compliment was genuine and
continued with his instruction. “You see <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saar</i>,
all this area … southeast Benguluru … long time back … small villages … middle
of … agriculture fields. Now, tell me <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saar</i>,
where is agriculture lands?” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">“So… you mean to say that there is no need for water bodies,
now that there is no agriculture?” I asked, a little irked by his logic and
showed it. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">“No no… <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saar</i>” he
said a little defensively, “when … long time back … here … no city. All these
lakes … <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">feeded</i> by natural <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ho</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḷ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">é</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">… only clean water … but now
… so much development … only dirty sewage drain waters comes in them. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vaat</i> use? Lands… <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saar</i>, can use for public use, no? <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Farekjampul</i> …” he continued. “Our <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mejestic</i> bus stand … long back … one lake. We developed many lake
beds into BDA layouts and SEZs”, he said proudly.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> “They are useful, no … for
<i>pablik </i>? … </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">“But a gulf club..?” </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #d5a6bd; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This
certainly made me wonder… <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Am I supposed
to feel guilty for being one of those that enjoyed the lush green expanse? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I
began digging. Here are some facts… </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;">
<tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjti0zcLbPdtOJlhxkHUH48TTjAfXFCeSIeBbkPpkVvaX8Nphl44j3sGJCSpTXmq-kQCNiQa6ngcLvliPKXjf6-LSvZjVbV-YRGQmuOJEVJbIAZwP0ZNlmt2newtoGqvMdSYdbNMv9_wvJ7/s1600/Erstwhile+Lake+bed.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjti0zcLbPdtOJlhxkHUH48TTjAfXFCeSIeBbkPpkVvaX8Nphl44j3sGJCSpTXmq-kQCNiQa6ngcLvliPKXjf6-LSvZjVbV-YRGQmuOJEVJbIAZwP0ZNlmt2newtoGqvMdSYdbNMv9_wvJ7/s320/Erstwhile+Lake+bed.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Challaghatta - Dry tank-bed before the golf course was made</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Challaghatta
tank was once part of a chain of small water bodies joining Ulsoor and
Bellandur Lakes. The erstwhile stream that connected these two lakes is today a
sewage drain running true to its old course. The catchment area of this tank
consisted of erstwhile farmlands which are known today as Indiranagar – HAL II & III Stages, Domlur Layout, Domlur II Stage, etc.
All these areas were developed as residential layouts by the BDA even before
the land was allocated to KGA. Later the land surrounding the golf course was
developed into Amarjyoti Layout, Rustombagh and other residential and
commercial developments including a large business park, turning the entire
area into a concrete jungle. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDPeHOnerysiu63hckx3_U8WIsMQxupxgOczsRwNFifoEm-MGjp6jgY21DMO3RHx4mzNAMyT29iHxBfEDQzsFy58LV-a7heVEC4DH4WbpFK4LdzuPbRFKMLxTmi35yqcu6wOSfDKFH9mil/s320/KGA+new+5.jpg" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">More than 50,000 fully grown trees</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Only
breathing space available in East Bangalore other than the Agram grounds is the
golf course. 125 Acres of erstwhile Challaghatta tank is today one of the best
sporting facilities in the country – venue of some of the most prestigious
national and international events.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I
have come across a certain set of pictures of the lake bed before it was
converted into a golf course.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the
land was leased to KGA in 80’s, it was a large dry expanse with a few puddles
of water. As the main water source drained directly into Bellandur, without a
check, as the land use around Chalaghatta village had changed. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtJ0bnSlE34Yjppj1BrkIPaOsHIwuOsfnQXTSrX8UIkBXolGjrMQ7vM9ZqpMW3EOunPnLFIEpGYQMZefwFbkvyW6Q-cCV6FgfVQoNVgXt5SbSytcCgnm2jZG-fNRYJ7pxFpfIi1EAr61ps/s1600/KGA+new3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtJ0bnSlE34Yjppj1BrkIPaOsHIwuOsfnQXTSrX8UIkBXolGjrMQ7vM9ZqpMW3EOunPnLFIEpGYQMZefwFbkvyW6Q-cCV6FgfVQoNVgXt5SbSytcCgnm2jZG-fNRYJ7pxFpfIi1EAr61ps/s320/KGA+new3.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">There is more water retained round the year </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
water hazards in the golf course retain more clean water today compared to the
amount of water in the erstwhile tank bed. Treated sewage water from the
neighborhood is used, reducing the pollution levels in the area.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhso1H7xBKhMVIJabd1HKN3L0JgGVS7fzeCfaQs3-bZsPLaZ6aANS8Qmkcxg8XC379T6Z8q_x9WB-NX2MmFFhA6a-tJ69Ascew0DEe8w47nDdh7QjUxpC4_g9IJ8eqZn744A5s-gTlzMbt1/s1600/KGA+new+4.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhso1H7xBKhMVIJabd1HKN3L0JgGVS7fzeCfaQs3-bZsPLaZ6aANS8Qmkcxg8XC379T6Z8q_x9WB-NX2MmFFhA6a-tJ69Ascew0DEe8w47nDdh7QjUxpC4_g9IJ8eqZn744A5s-gTlzMbt1/s320/KGA+new+4.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">More than 600 varieties of Trees</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
bigger question raised by the so called activists, concerns the eco-system. It
is only thanks to the founders of the golf course, and the vision of the likes
of TP Issar, today there are more than 50,000 fully grown trees. There are 600
different exotic and native varieties of palms and tropical trees. The course
is home to many avian species and aquatic fauna. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A
proper census cataloguing the fauna will shut the detractors up.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #6aa84f; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSx4nsZ5uPK5SZ0Xm_lhj-cyS04tbYLizXn_BUSFBHVoEM-KQCQ-H9r-7H5RFIpjOscqOwIeFb42_GZJ6VPKPQjl9haIVfHgyAAOtQEYWS9f-KUDg8iy7GrKJJ6pk4uxJtwuCU_Fa9dHWB/s1600/Snake+necked.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSx4nsZ5uPK5SZ0Xm_lhj-cyS04tbYLizXn_BUSFBHVoEM-KQCQ-H9r-7H5RFIpjOscqOwIeFb42_GZJ6VPKPQjl9haIVfHgyAAOtQEYWS9f-KUDg8iy7GrKJJ6pk4uxJtwuCU_Fa9dHWB/s200/Snake+necked.jpg" width="180" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #6aa84f; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Next
argument is that the course is an exclusive domain of a few members. Is that
really so? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #6aa84f; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Let us look at the facts. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #6aa84f; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Under different categories the membership
is extended to students, proficient sportsmen, servicemen </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: #6aa84f;">and temporary
residents. The course has produced some extraordinary talent – some o</span>f the best
professional golfers, of both sexes, hail from this course. The only Indian
Open champion from South India is a home grown young man from Chalaghatta whose
parents earned their livelihood from the course. Further, the course provides
</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUzqpesZpre-bTgTAmTs6uPg5btzz9iInAfbyA_jMUOgfiuTJYOUylYsGe4zDSeIk6iZ1eAwIQnS86uHqZRwYNPmN71D1x5nnuIc1YrNRhPDp1qDF7EkODd-Diijsl-_RH53JbueNwvu8Q/s1600/Russet+breast+kingfisher.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUzqpesZpre-bTgTAmTs6uPg5btzz9iInAfbyA_jMUOgfiuTJYOUylYsGe4zDSeIk6iZ1eAwIQnS86uHqZRwYNPmN71D1x5nnuIc1YrNRhPDp1qDF7EkODd-Diijsl-_RH53JbueNwvu8Q/s200/Russet+breast+kingfisher.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">employment to hundreds of skilled and unskilled men and women from the
neighboring area round the year.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But
… who the hell is interested? </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">My politician friend feels cheated. Prime urban land – at
today’s prices, a veritable pot of gold … but only if the likes of him are
allowed to lay their hands on it and develop it for public use.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #6aa84f; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span><span style="background-color: red;"></span></span>‘Who’s the <i>pablik</i> ?’ I wonder <span><span style="background-color: red;"></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #6aa84f; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-17632649094872497292012-08-07T17:31:00.000+05:302012-08-07T17:37:34.114+05:30Finding Mount Meru<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Finding Mount Meru</span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Geography of Jambudwipa Series)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Purana literature gives a
northern location for Mt. Meru and places it at the center of the known world –
the <i>Axis Mundi</i>. Before I start digging into various mythological references,
and otherwise, to its location, I would like to anchor myself with one historic
source – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anabasis</i> – which places it west
of India. If we go back in time to the earliest civilization and consider its
general core region as Jambudwipa, the northern region then consisted of inaccessible
mountains and wild plains. If one had to look at the civilized outside world – it
is logical– that one had looked westwards. Assuming that, let us look up some
of those references that may guide us in finding the probable original location… </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Alakāpuri</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">It
is the capital city of Kubéra, the lord of the cardinal north. It was situated
on Mt. Meru. It was also called Vasudhāra, Vasu-sthali or Prabhā. Kubéra is
known for his immense wealth. He was also a trader and money lender. He was the
lord of a people called ‘Gandharvas’. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Let us demystify these names and
statements before we try and find some clues…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">One that comes immediately to
everyone’s mind is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alak-nanda</i>, a
tributary of Ganges, known in the Puranas as the first terrestrial
manifestation of the divine river. Present identification of Alak-nanda is that
of a stream that springs from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mansarovar</i>
at the feet of Mt. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kailas</i> in Greater
Himalayas. The glaciers that feed the river rise from the Eastern Karakorums,
which forced many scholars to identify Meru as one of the peaks in that general
region. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">However, the descriptions of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alakapuri</i> challenge that conclusion.
Alaka was a prosperous city, inhabited by people called Gandharvas. Of course
Gandharvas were not the original inhabitants of the place. They were planted
there by Vishnu through the agency of the king, Purukutsa. Therefore if we want
to identify the general region, we must look for the original people that
inhabited the region, not the colonizers. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The city was also called
Vasu-sthali or ‘the Place of Vasus. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Let
us see… who these Vasus are. Vasu comes from the root word ‘Vasā’, the cow.
They probably were herdsmen who lived in the region. Their settlement was
called Vasu-sthala or Vasu-dhara. (Dhara = Earth/Land) Later, Vasundhara became
a general descriptive term for Earth. (And, that one of the eight Vasus was
also named ‘Dhara’ may be incidental.) Similarly, Vāstu came to be identified
with house/dwelling; and also the science of urban architecture. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Does it point to Vasus being Neolithic
peoples and the original builders of urban settlements? If that’s so, surely, we
cannot look for them in the ice capped mountains and uninhabitable glaciers of
the north. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Swat Valley…! </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The original Sanskrit name of Swat
is ‘Su-Vāstu’. Archaeology certainly supports the presence of early urban
settlements in Swat Valley. Further, the valley is an important trade route
connecting the subcontinent with western world. Therefore Swat Valley qualifies
as a strong candidate for the location of Meru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Before we come to any conclusion
let us look for some other clues.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Gilgamesh
& Lugulbanda</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In the Akkadian poem, Lugulbanda,
king of Uruk travels to the kingdom of Aratta (probably Herat) and beyond,
where he was abandoned by his men at a mountain pass called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hurrum</i> or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ummeru</i>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Description of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hurrum</i> to the east of Mesopotamia, across the mountains, as a frontier
toll post on the route that they had taken to the river ‘Kur’ or the underworld
may not help us in identifying any specific location but it helps us speculate
on the name – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kur – Kurram – Vedic Krumu</i>
to the east of Herat on a trade route between two significantly large and unlike
civilizations. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Anabasis
Alexandri</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Let me quote Arrian here:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">“</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And
the mountain near the city, on whose foothills Nysa is built, is called Merus
because of the incident at Dionysus' birth … Among the Assacenians is Massaca,
a great city, where resides the chief authority of the Assacian land; and
another city Peucela, this also a great city, not far from the Indus. These
places then are inhabited on this side of the Indus towards the west, as far as
the river Cophen.”</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">- Arrian: Anabasis Alexandri: Book VIII (Indica) Translated by E. Iliff Robson
(1933)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="background-color: #f6b26b;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">River Cophen here is Kabul and the
Peucela is Pushkalavati/Peshawar</span>. Therefore, location of Meru on the grand
trunk road connecting Kabul with Lahore is also plausible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yet, there is a little problem of chronology.
Anabasis also pushes the date of arrival of Nyseans to 6363 BCE. Even though Jalalabad
route throws up some very early traces of urban settlements, a date of 7<sup>th</sup>
millennium BCE may be difficult to prove. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hsi
yu ki</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Xuanzang relates a story with a
river called </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Su-p‘o-fa-su-tu</i>’,
which drained into Indus from the west. I have dwelt on the quandary between
Subhavāstu and Suvāstu in my earlier post and tried to equate <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Subha</b>-vāstu with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Zhob</b> Valley instead of Swat Valley. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ref: </span><a href="http://saipapineni.blogspot.in/2011/04/mound-of-dead.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://saipapineni.blogspot.in/2011/04/mound-of-dead.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Archaeology</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mehrgarh
in Zhob Valley is the cradle of a very early urbanization. A date of 6363BCE is
not farfetched if we were to locate Meru in Zhob Valley, at least until
archaeology can identify traces of a reasonably old urban settlement in Swat
Valley or on the banks of Kabul or Kurram. But we cannot make any conclusive
inference, now. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Garga Samhita</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Puranas
– and various views of their authors – differ greatly when they describe the
shape and size of Meru, which probably is due to different points and regions
from which it was observed and remembered. However, Garga gives a clue … <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Meru is like braided hair long and twisted</i>.
He was describing not a single mountain, but a chain of mountains. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Conclusion</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">All
the above points of reference do not conclusively identify any specific
location for Meru. But they a</span>ll tend to point to the mountain passes of
Hindukush range where the original man (Manu) founded the first civilization, a
mountain, with a saucer shaped basin on top, that received the divine
inspiration. An immense <i>Axis Mundi</i> – the ancient shamans envisioned when they
looked westward at the hazy mountain tops of Hindukush. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #f6b26b; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">With
this general assumption on a possible location of Meru in the west, I propose
to identify the various sub-regions of original Jambudwipa (IVC) in my next
post. Until then … any constructive suggestions and insights from friends are
welcome.</span></div>
<span style="background-color: #f6b26b;"></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-84014061182501381922012-07-31T01:41:00.001+05:302012-07-31T02:46:14.746+05:30Jambudwipa - Where or what is it?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="background-color: #b6d7a8; text-align: center;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">The Enigma called ‘Jambudwīpa’</span></u></div>
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<span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 20pt;">जंबूद्वीपॆ</span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20pt;"> ... </span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 20pt;">भरतवर्षॆ</span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20pt;"> ... </span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 20pt;">भरतखंडॆ</span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20pt;"> ...</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Whenever we go to a
Hindu priest and ask him to do a pooja, he
begins with a ‘samkalpa’ a declaration of intent to propitiate a particular
god. Once you declare your name and lineage, you must give your address. An
address understood only by the cosmic post-office. Let me write this down in a
language we comprehend, on a postcard:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the island where the wild black berries* abound,</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the ecosphere known to Bharata people,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">On a piece of land where the Bharatas lived,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">*</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Jambul (<i>Syzygium cumini</i>)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I
put this question to a priest from a neighbourhood temple – being an
intermediary between us mortals and the divine. Surely, he was clear in his
mind. He clarified to my confused mind, – confident in his knowledge –</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span>
</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">“Jambudwīpa
consists of the entire continent of Asia, Bharatavarsha is the subcontinent,
and of course, the Republic of India with its present boundaries is
Bharatakhanda.”</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Isn’t
it logical? </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Our
ancestors, writers of Puranas and epics, with their extraordinary minds, were
able to see the future so clearly; they knew about the partition of India and
Pakistan even before Mountbatten knew. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Amazing!
Or do we just say … <b>Incredible</b>?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">With
due respect to the priest’s opinion, let us explore the various scholarly
interpretations of Puranic geography by historians, theologists and the so
called Indologists.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Purāṇas were not
written down on a single day. They evolved … over a long period – from the 3<sup>rd</sup>
Century AD to as late as the 18<sup>th</sup> Century. But the interpretations
are based on our current knowledge of the world beyond, as a result of modern
education. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Puranas mention seven
dwipas of which our Jambu-island is central. Many a scholar tried to identify
and theorize on their existence and their position on the map as we know it
today. Largely, the opinions are as follows: </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">They
are nothing but fanciful fables.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b> </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Here, my view is that
we cannot reject the Purāṇas entirely. Let us have an open mind and assume that
a kernel of truth – knowledge of a limited yet familiar geographical area – probably
existed hidden behind this fanciful super structure created over millennia of
creative endeavor. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">They
describe cosmic / stellar phenomena.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The traditional
references are clearly those of geographical entities. We must try and extract
simple physical truths in them instead of succumbing to whimsical speculations.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The
seven dwīpas represent successive changes in earth’s crust through successive
geological periods. </span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It is based on <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Plates Tectonics</i> theory. I don’t
consider this view worth pursuing. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The
seven dwīpas actually are the seven continents – Asia, Europe, Africa,
Australia, North & South Americas and Antarctica. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It is convenient, yet
ludicrous.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The
seven dwīpas are various lands of the old world.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This is the most
popular view. Let me give a table which – you will agree – looks more like a
reflection of the 20<sup>th</sup> Century commentator’s knowledge of geography
than what the renderers of Purāṇas actually meant:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDDK2vsW4LceZy-3xTFHLlqxb2aCL2ZOt-gN7RAD434_LRk4H3RRn0tCW21OlVm1Neqb5ofOws3oj4ZjHXLhPVLif4BacpnjkPTOz_sjIHR6bXBdxFiCOz9zrBDjnLk9trt7RVChZJEyzV/s1600/Jambudwipa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDDK2vsW4LceZy-3xTFHLlqxb2aCL2ZOt-gN7RAD434_LRk4H3RRn0tCW21OlVm1Neqb5ofOws3oj4ZjHXLhPVLif4BacpnjkPTOz_sjIHR6bXBdxFiCOz9zrBDjnLk9trt7RVChZJEyzV/s1600/Jambudwipa.jpg" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Different
answers to the same simple questions are seminal to all this theorizing. What
are these questions?</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Question 1: Where is Mount
Méru?</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The
most accepted view is that it is in the north of Himalayas, in Pamirs, near the
source of Ganges, Sutlej and Brahmaputra. Let’s see if there are any historical
or mythological references which suggest its location. Unfortunately, there are none. The assumption
is purely based on our knowledge of geographical surveys conducted in 19<sup>th</sup>
Century by a surveyor general of British Raj, after whose name – incidentally –
the tallest peak was named, Everest. Since Méru is in the middle of Jambudwīpa
in various Purāṇic descriptions this identity pushes Jambudwīpa beyond the
subcontinent into Central Asia and Eastern Europe. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Don’t
we need to dig a little deeper to find more credible alternatives?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Question 2: How old are
the Purāṇas?</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Based
on the references of events and peoples in them, the Purāṇas are variously
dated – as between 3rd Century to 18th Century AD. We do not know how reliable
they are, and as a result the speculations based on them. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Even
if there is some older, original knowledge, which had survived through this
tinkering of tradition that had lasted ages, our challenge is to extract that
kernel out of so much accumulated chaff. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Méru</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The
earliest references to Méru do not indicate its presence in some remote
inaccessible region. Logically, the center of the known world cannot be an
unseen unknown place. It must have been the hub of civilization like Babylon, Olympus,
Henan of the Middle Kingdom or, for that matter, London of the English-speaking
world. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The
earliest Indian civilization belonged to northwestern subcontinent. Archaeology
tells us that Zhob valley in Baluchistan is where it all began. Méhrgarh – the
earliest urban settlement going all the way back to 9000 BP. Let’s not jump to
conclusion based on the similarity of the names, Méhr and Méru. Méhr in fact is
derived from the Zoroastrian name ‘Mithra’. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Secondly,
the Akkadian records called a land to the east of Sumeria, across the great
waters and beyond the mountains ‘Meluḥḥa’. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">L
= R. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ḤḤ
= K. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Was
the name in actuality, Méruka? If a half of Jambudwīpa lies on one side of Méru,
in which Bharatavarsha is a part; then the other half probably included SuMéru?
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Let’s
not conclude before we answer the other question.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAxL0G3r3FZk5DZB-dKl8MunA5fK3vpveLGtbU-YD4ixThzcSK3a7h7rSR20qCaEXkFbXwE_C8U4U5Cq5YkUyIq0HnVY3tfz645u91Osik0qfXomNivOYgr9CdcribQax11B30HJkKF34T/s1600/Jambudwip.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAxL0G3r3FZk5DZB-dKl8MunA5fK3vpveLGtbU-YD4ixThzcSK3a7h7rSR20qCaEXkFbXwE_C8U4U5Cq5YkUyIq0HnVY3tfz645u91Osik0qfXomNivOYgr9CdcribQax11B30HJkKF34T/s400/Jambudwip.jpg" width="286" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Purāṇas</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">We
know that Purāṇas belonged to a period much later than Harappan civilization.
But, as the name suggests, do they carry some memories of that milieu? Let us
consider some learned opinion. In his path-breaking book, ‘The Geography of the
Purāṇas (1966)’, Prof. S. M. Ali says that the Purāṇic references to climatic
elements are meager when compared to the Vedic literature. To quote his words, “It
may be argued that perhaps the Purāṇas did not attach so much importance to
climate as the Vedic Aryans did, or they considered it irrelevant to their
subject matter, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">and were content with the
knowledge of its elements as conveyed by the ancients</i>.” The Purāṇas are very explicit and consistent
when describing the climate of these regions. If we assume that they correspond
to some very ancient memories, we may use these descriptions to identify some
of the lands, as they were seen by the ancients. But the question is, ‘how deep
into the past must we go? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Now,
lets us look at the climate of the six dwīpas as described in some of the
earliest Purāṇas and try to identify these regions within the close vicinity of
the Harappan region....</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjREzAnPhLGC6BC6RDYodPW1d-e3VY7AtBqQTU9ACxOU3nGKBKZtEyfyYyuPvSHUyhEdkKNeiEwuE5FD258zMXqLmksBHgBJ-yorJBO2kyBvOAiETduyblC3v7AUpWRlyrDntUVgXzQjk2H/s1600/Sea+of+Milk.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjREzAnPhLGC6BC6RDYodPW1d-e3VY7AtBqQTU9ACxOU3nGKBKZtEyfyYyuPvSHUyhEdkKNeiEwuE5FD258zMXqLmksBHgBJ-yorJBO2kyBvOAiETduyblC3v7AUpWRlyrDntUVgXzQjk2H/s1600/Sea+of+Milk.png" /></a></div>
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<u><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ś</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">aka </span></span></b></u><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dwīpa </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"></span>(Konkan Coast)</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Profusion of Teak trees (Śaka). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It is east of Méru. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Besides seven major rivers, there are
hundreds of minor streams fed by heavy monsoon. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">People worship Vishnu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">One needs to cross the sea of milk to
reach this region.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kuśa Dwīpa </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(Gujarat, Kutch & Malwa)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Grass land. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Poa grass (Kuśa) abounds. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Seven rivers with many branches fed by
waters ‘only’ when Indra pours down (monsoon). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The region surrounds the milky ocean. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pushkara Dwīpa </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(Thar
Desert and Surrounding region)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">No rain. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pushkara lake exists here. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The outer region is called Mahāvitam and
the inner core Dhātaki. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A circle of mountains surround this
region. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The sea of milk is close to the region. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Śālmala Dwīpa </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(Western Ghats and North Malabar)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Śālmala is equated with silk-cotton. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">However, the word can be split into two.
‘Sāla+Mala’, Hills of Sal-wood. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mountainous. High in clouds. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Plenty of food to gather. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">There is no summer or winter. Therefore,
it cannot be Himalayas. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Krauncha Dwīpa </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(Quetta
Valley & Northwest Frontier of Pakistan)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">No major difference in climate when
compared to Jambudwīpa. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rivers with high volumes of water. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Northwest of Jambudwīpa. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Grithōda, the Sea of Ghee exists in this
region (Animal Husbandry is mainstay). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Well populated. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Plākşa Dwīpa</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
(Western Vindhyas & Chambal?)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Not much info on climate. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Plākşa is identified as the fig tree. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Probably, Plākşa can be read as Prāchya (East)
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Therefore,
we can reasonably attribute the name Jambudwīpa to the core area of the Indus
Valley Civilization. (We are probably giving the gods a wrong address
every-time we take the ‘<i>samkalpa</i>' </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Next
…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Are
the various regions within Jambudwīpa mentioned in Purāṇas, </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">in actuality,</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">the
provinces of the Indus Valley Empire? </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">We shall explore them later. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #b6d7a8; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-15194573280029020722012-07-08T18:46:00.000+05:302012-07-09T00:32:06.187+05:30The Day of the Dog<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="background-color: #6aa84f;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: center;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">The Day of the Dog</span></u></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: right;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">SAI PAPINENI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Those
were the days, when the world was as the great creator, the three headed
Kerberus, had intended it to be…” Old Bitch began, lazily circling and tamping
the soft leaves and rubbish into a cushion before settling down for a long Sunday
predawn sermon. A lone streetlight in that narrow lane was still shining
brightly. It is their favored place for their weekly gatherings that always
followed a midnight feast, near the late night restaurant’s garbage dump. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">I
being half breed Pomeranian, greatly disadvantaged by the stature of my parent,
was relegated to the most disagreeable corner crawling with fleas. My belly, well
sated by a large leftover portion of chicken kebabs, desperately wanted to get
back to my native territory – a beautiful tree-lined street in Defense Colony –
and lie down in air conditioned comfort under the car parked in the porch of Wobbly
Legs, ah! That is one humane biped, who had never failed to leave a nice little
breakfast for me, every morning, properly wrapped in a flimsy plastic bag. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">But
… Old Bitch is a bitch.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">She
doesn’t like anyone in her congregation missing her weekly discourses – those
who are mad enough will be doggedly hounded by her terriers – “Dog’s life!” a
low snarl escaped my jaws. Immediately, I looked around to see if someone had
noticed. Thank Dog! None of those Dylan’s dogs prowling around. I looked up at
Old Bitch, perched high on the rubbish mound, as she continued with her
gobbledygook extolling the virtues of canine race. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Those
were the idyllic days when we were simple pack living and sharing the pleasures
of communal life. In our little dens deep in woods, we were all grey and had no
disparities. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Howl
Kerberus…! </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“There…!
He was a great leader. We all hunted with him, – so strong we were then – and we
could bring down even a mighty mammoth. Do you know mammoths?” she paused,
scratching her flanks, “They were huge – even bigger than those gigantic city
buses – and equally vicious. And, the legends say that it was our hunters that sent
their species to extinction”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Entire
congregation began to nod their heads LOL-ling their tongues, warming to the
rhetoric. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“It
was a historic blunder”, finally she launched into her familiar rant, “when
some of our ancestors began to follow the bipeds. A false sense of comfort in
bourgeois kennels and our eagerness to catch the attractive bones that they
tossed at us sounded the death knell to a glorious phase in history. We were
enslaved – they turned us into sentries to guard their misbegotten wealth. We
became shepherds. Brother against brother – we gamely chased our own kind when they
hunted. Mutely taking orders, faithfully, we even subjected ourselves to such
heinous makeovers to fit their pockets.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Shame!
Shame! </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The
entire congregation responded perking their ears up. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“So
far, our struggles to make a point, our attempts at reaffirming our dignity are
largely ignored by bipeds, secure in their homes guarded by our own greyhound brethren.
They even have the temerity to parade our Kennel Club members on leash, in
spite of our noisy protests. Our occasional exultations after a few sporadic
attacks by our belligerent brothers, terrorizing the biped puppies and defenseless
oldies only serve as trivial entertainment, and no more. Those undignified
cries of their helpless females, cornered by our playful adolescents are
brushed away as harmless teasing. Even our loud concerted pursuits are ignored
by those motorcyclists, reckless enough to keep coming back to our territories
and disturb peace.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A
solemn gloom descended on the congregation interrupted by a few feeble snivels of
despondence. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Do
not whine, my comrades in fangs”, Old Bitch gave a terse woof. “You are the
fortunate ones. You live in a city, a city of future, the Land of Litter and Garbage
promised by Kerberus, himself … a ray of light at the end of a long burrow of
time …”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A
collective howl interrupted her tirade as the lone streetlight flickered and
died. A buzz of discontent at the failure of civic bodies followed as each one
tried to adjust their night vision. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Don’t
you bitch” Old Bitch growled.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“The
civic bodies of this city are peerless,” She continued furiously. “They are our
allies in our struggle against the oppression of bipeds. We owe our numbers and
freedom to them. Their acts of magnanimity are numerous – dark alleys, bumpy
roads and unlimited supply of unattended garbage – and give us a tactical
advantage over those two-legged freaks. I strongly denounce criticism of this
city’s noble civic authorities. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“You
better have down pat, comrades, they are dogs’ best friends,” she barked.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A
lone yip reverberated in the stunned silence that followed. It was the leader
of a stray terror outfit called Cubbon Pack, that made the long verandahs of a
red building its lair, raising his paw rather tentatively as he began to speak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Comrade
Old Bitch,” he raised his whimper to a howl, for everyone to hear, “I have terrifying
news. The reactionary forces are gathering momentum under our own snouts. There
is a new vixen in town that was stirring up hornets with questions which no one
dared to utter, atleast not until now, are pricking the conscience of our
friends. The civic powers that be are completely foxed by them. I expect some vigilant
onslaught in the days to come.” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">His
words sent a chill down my spine all the way back to my tail. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Hush”
Old Bitch barked and grinned with her canines hidden, at her congregation
terrified and looking up to her for guidance. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Perk
up your ears, you dogs. There is nothing to worry. No single vixen can make
this city’s administration wake up from its slumber. Just go back to your home streets
and do what you are best at, making more litters. I assure you, that the
promised day is near.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Then
came the comforting words, settling my palpitating heart, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Most
importantly, we have our NGOtiators in right places, to safeguard our interests.
They will ensure that one day … </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“very
soon … </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“the
city comes to us”.</span></div>
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com1Bangalore, Karnataka, India12.9715987 77.594562712.724026199999999 77.2787057 13.2191712 77.910419699999991tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4994730640052928721.post-85994721001594186402012-07-06T00:15:00.001+05:302012-07-09T00:36:53.354+05:30All in the Game<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">All
in the Game</span></u></b></div>
<div style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-linespan: 3; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: dropcap-dropped; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 71.5pt;">It</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> was a
pleasant morning with a mild southwesterly blowing intermittent cirrus clouds
across the course. Hiraki teed up a little high and with a smooth fluid swing
sent the ball over the ominous looking water hazard, splitting the fairway into
two equal halves. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Goooshaaw</i>,
Yamamoto-san” shouted Aggarwal. Hiraki’s tiny chest ballooned with pride. First
tee-shot always has portentous significance to early morning golfers. ‘A day well
began’ Hiraki was smiling within. It was the day he was planning to meet the government
representatives; his inner voice must have told him that the deal would somehow
go through. That’s when he saw that immaculately dressed gentleman,
colour-coordinated from floppy San Andrews cap to his shining black golf shoes,
hurrying towards the tee-box. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Ah there…! You’re just in time, mister Rao”,
exclaimed Aggarwal. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHHqCAZkFZOwWmgRsMp607ay5_78yGqNOudkhfYI8MT8A3499Jw5Z6jlseQUWh-JkADYgvBY1iV9mms0L73Osrqt_8B9Ck6rbaVKGMiuC9vZIKiE0-WdiwymCVx1ZyhyphenhypheneQf402CaEQPUPs/s1600/Photo0002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Royal N Ancient … RNA, to his friends – Ramji
Narayan Aggarwal is one of the oldest and loudest members of the club – always
ready to lend a helping hand to fellow members. I looked up midway through my
backswing promptly sending my ball sputtering through the lake. An inaudible
curse escaped my lips. Hiraki looked at me with a slight nod acknowledging my
distress. “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shigata</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nai</i>” I muttered before tossing the
driver to my caddie. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Aggarwal had not taken any notice, he was eager to
introduce Rao to his new found acquaintance, Hiraki. “Yamamoto-san, meet mister
Rao, an old friend of mine and a great golfer…” Introductions went on for a
while with Hiraki’s characteristic bows in response the verbal flood from
Aggarwal extolling his worthy friend. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">I began to fidget. My tee-shot had not helped my
mood much. “Gentlemen”, I interrupted gesturing at the other four-ball waiting
behind us. Aggarwal grunted, conceding, as he moved to the ball already teed up
by his caddie – it is too menial a task to bend down and tee up the ball – and
a louder grunt followed as he heaved his weight behind the shot making the ball
disappear into the trees. Rao’s shot that followed was decent, giving a
semblance of competition to Hiraki. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">My mood had not improved as I dropped another ball
short of the water hazard. Another lousy day! My thoughts went back to the
previous day – that began with a quaint plea from my son, who needed my help in
getting his passport renewed, rather urgently – and my futile efforts to
convince the authorities that the child’s trip to Australia to participate in
an architectural design competition is of reasonable national importance. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pillar to post! </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Or is it water hazard to sand trap? I cursed once
again as my ball faded right into the greenside bunker. “A double bogey at the
best,” I said accompanying Aggarwal ambling lazily towards his caddie that had
found the ball which appeared miraculously at the fringe of the fairway.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">I had no qualms though – it was I that had asked
Aggarwal to fix the game with Rao, explaining the predicament of Hiraki, whose
firm is the only supplier of a certain cantilevers, deemed essential by the
consultants for the superfast roadway connecting the principal cities of the
state. At the request of the consultants, his firm had set up a hundred million
dollar manufacturing unit and I was instrumental in locating it. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The project is essential for its future viability. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Everything was hunky dory until Hiraki’s predawn
phone-call shook me up on the day before. His voice sounded to my sleepy head
like a thousand May-day alarms going off at the same time. “The specs vanished
in the final detailing document. It must be the consortium…”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">My mind continued to wander adding three more bogeys
to the card, as the four-ball continued through to the refreshment hut at the fifth
tee – a long holdup, two groups waiting ahead of us. Aggarwal continued in his
characteristic tenor forcing wit into his praises of Rao, recounting anecdotes
from a long string of his feats. Even Rao couldn’t have made his own resume,
more effective. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">I smiled absentmindedly at the three heads huddled
together and moseyed off with my phone to call a certain Ilangovan that can
help me with my son’s passport. “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Avaru
baathroomla irukaamgu. Pinnaale phonu pamdumgo</i>” a high pitched voice
replied without masking her irritation. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The sixth hole is a short par three – just a well
aimed pitch with a wedge across the water should get a par, if not a birdie.
Hiraki and Aggarwal are already two up. ‘But … this is my favorite hole’ I
walked confidently to the tee in spite of a wayward hook by my partner Rao. An
easy swing and – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brrrrrrrrr</i> – the
phone began to vibrate. I was in two minds – to take a shot or the call – and
duffed the ball … another ProV into the depths.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Sawrree saar. My name ees Ilangovan saar”, he
began. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Yes… yes mister Ilangovan. I was trying to contact
you for my son’s …”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Teriyum</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saar</i>. Don’t worry. Tomorrow passport
coming <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saar, gaarentee</i>. Just small
fees for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">polees</i> and my friend in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">awffees, saar</i>” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Okay … okay” I hung up, getting ready for my three
from the tee box. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHHqCAZkFZOwWmgRsMp607ay5_78yGqNOudkhfYI8MT8A3499Jw5Z6jlseQUWh-JkADYgvBY1iV9mms0L73Osrqt_8B9Ck6rbaVKGMiuC9vZIKiE0-WdiwymCVx1ZyhyphenhypheneQf402CaEQPUPs/s1600/Photo0002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Who’s that?” asked Rao with a smirk. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Some bloody tout”, I replied, landing the ball next
to the pin. An assured bogey, and a chance to halve the hole made me eloquent.
“In this goddamned country … the processes are so convoluted, they don’t even
exist. You know, how much I had to run around to get a simple passport
renewed?”</span></div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“You’re right buddy.” Shaking his head vigorously,
“This country is run by touts. It’s going to dogs for sure. There’s no place
for decent folks like us” said Rao, who runs a very successful ‘tender
servicing portal’ for government works that provides start to finish
facilitation for its clients. And, he had assured my friend Hiraki a complete
reversal of the process, of course, for a reasonable fee. </span></div>
</div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; margin-top: 12pt; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Disclaimer</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:
The story is not a work of fiction and the characters are real and any
resemblance to my golfing friends is purely intentional and not a coincidence.</span></h4>
</div>
<span style="background-color: #6aa84f;"></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10054415524406888882noreply@blogger.com1Bangalore, Karnataka, India12.9715987 77.594562712.7240527 77.2787057 13.2191447 77.910419699999991